Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf al-Zuhriyya (Arabic: آمِنَة بِنْت وَهْب, romanized: ʾĀmina bint Wahb, c. 549–577) was the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1] She belonged to the Banu Zuhra tribe.
Amina آمِنَة | |
|---|---|
| Born | Amna bint Wahb c. 549 (66 BH) |
| Died | 576–577 C.E. / 36 B.H. (Age 27) |
| Resting place | Al-Abwa |
| Known for | Mother of Muhammad[1] |
| Spouse | Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (m. 568–569) |
| Children | Muhammad |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Cousin: Daughter(s)-in-law: Granddaughter(s): |
| Family | Banu Zuhrah (of Quraysh) |
Early life and marriage
editAminah was born to Wahb ibn Abd Manaf and Barrah bint 'Abd al-'Uzzā ibn 'Uthmān ibn 'Abd al-Dār in Mecca. Her tribe, Quraysh, were said to be descendants of Ibrahim (Abraham) through his son Isma'il (Ishmael). Her ancestor Zuhrah was the elder brother of Qusayy ibn Kilab, an ancestor of Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib, and the first Qurayshi custodian of the Kaaba. Abd al-Muttalib proposed the marriage of Abdullah, his youngest son, to Aminah. Some sources state that Aminah's father accepted the match; others say that it was Aminah's uncle, Wuhaib, who was serving as her guardian.[2][3] The two were married soon after.[3] Abdullah spent much of Aminah's pregnancy away from home as part of a merchant caravan and died of disease before the birth of his son in Medina.[3][4]
Birth of Muhammad and later years
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Three months after Abdullah's death, in 570–571 CE, Muhammad was born. As was tradition among all the great families at the time, Aminah sent Muhammad to live with a milk mother in the desert as a baby. The belief was that in the desert, one would learn self-discipline, nobility, and freedom. During this time, Muhammad was nursed by Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, a poor Bedouin woman from the tribe of Banu Sa'ad, a branch of the Hawāzin.[5]
When Muhammad was six years old, he was reunited with Aminah, who took him to visit her relatives in Yathrib (later Medina). Upon their return to Mecca a month later, accompanied by her slave, Umm Ayman, Aminah fell ill. She died around the year 577 or 578,[6][7] and was buried in the village of Al-Abwa'. Her grave was destroyed in 1998.[8][9] The young Muhammad was taken in first by his paternal grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, in 577, and later by his paternal uncle Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.[3]
Religious belief
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Islam rebukes the idea that lineage plays a part in one's final destination, as each person is responsible for themselves and their deeds. This is proven through multiple authentic hadiths that mention that both Muhammad's mother and father are in Hellfire:
"Verily, a person said: Messenger of Allah, where is my father? He said: (He) is in the Fire. When he turned away, he (the Holy Prophet) called him and said: Verily my father and your father are in the Fire."
Additionally, another hadith states:
"The Apostle of Allah (ﷺ) visited the grave of his mother and he wept, and moved others around him to tears, and said: I sought permission from my Lord to beg forgiveness for her but it was not granted to me, and I sought permission to visit her grave and it was granted to me so visit the graves, for that makes you mindful of death."
— Sahih Muslim, 11:135
Despite this, Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife.[10] One transmission by Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah states that God refused to forgive Aminah for her kufr (disbelief). Another transmission in Musnad al-Bazzar states that Muhammad's parents were brought back to life and accepted Islam before returning to the Barzakh.[11]: 11 Some Ash'ari and Shafi'i scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife as they were Ahl al-fatrah, or "people of the interval" between the prophetic messages of 'Isa (Jesus) and Muhammad.[12] The concept of Ahl al-fatrah is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of Shirk (Polytheism).[13] The majority of scholars have come to agree with it and disregard the ahadith stating that Muhammad's parents were condemned to Hell.[10]
While a work attributed to Abu Hanifa, an early Sunni scholar, stated that both Aminah and Abdullah died condemned to Hell (Mata 'ala al-fitrah),[14] some later authors of mawlid texts related a tradition in which Aminah and Abdullah were temporarily revived and embraced Islam. Scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya stated that this was a lie (though Al-Qurtubi stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology).[12] According to Ali al-Qari, the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.[11]: 28 According to Al-Suyuti, Ismail Hakki Bursevi, and other Islamic scholars, all of the ahadith indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.[11]: 24 Shia Muslims believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors—Aminah included—were monotheists and therefore entitled to Paradise. A Shia tradition states that God forbade the fires of Hell from touching either of Muhammad's parents.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Al-A'zami, Muhammad Mustafa (2003). The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments. UK Islamic Academy. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-1-8725-3165-6.
- ^ Muhammad Shibli Numani; M. Tayyib Bakhsh Badāyūnī (1979). Life of the Prophet. Kazi Publications. pp. 148–150.
- ^ a b c d Ibn Ishaq (1955). Ibn Hisham (ed.). Life of Muhammad. Translated by Alfred Guillaume. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–79.
- ^ Ibn Sa'd/Haq pp. 107–108.
- ^ "Muhammad: Prophet of Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
- ^ Peters, F. E. (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. Albany, New York, the U.S.A.: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1876-6.
- ^ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir: Volume I, Pakistan Historical Society, page- 129.
- ^ Daniel Howden (18 April 2006). "Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-07-27. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
- ^ Ondrej Beranek; Pavel Tupek (2009). "From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis" (Crown Paper). Waltham, Massachusetts, the U.S.A.: Brandeis University. OCLC 457230835.
- ^ a b Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2015). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. pp. 188-189.
- ^ a b c Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri, The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims, Suffah Foundation, pp. 11–28
- ^ a b Holmes Katz, Marion (2007). The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Routledge. p. 126-128. ISBN 978-1-1359-8394-9.
- ^ Rida, Rashid. "2:62". Tafsir al-Manar. pp. 278–281. Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-06.
- ^ Dr. `Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani, Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet’s Parents were Kafirs, Masud
- ^ Rubin, Uri (1975). "Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad". Israel Oriental Studies. 5: 75–88.