Araripenymphes is an extinct genus of lacewing which lived during the Cretaceous period of South America and Asia. The type species is A. seldeni from the Crato Formation of Brazil (Araripe Basin). The two other species are A. burmanus from the Burmese amber of Myanmar and A. koreicus from the Jinju Formation of South Korea.
| Araripenymphes Temporal range:
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | †Cratosmylidae |
| Genus: | †Araripenymphes Menon, Martins-Neto & Martill, 2005 |
| Type species | |
| †Araripenymphes seldeni Menon, Martins-Neto & Martill, 2005
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| Other species | |
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History and classification
editWhen first described, A. seldeni was known from a single fossil adult which is a compression-impression fossil preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock.[1][2] Along with other well-preserved insect fossils, the A. seldeni specimens were collected from layers of the Upper Aptian Crato Formation. The formation is composed of unweathered grey and oxidized yellow limestones, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds and reptiles as a notable lagerstätte. The area is a preserved inland lake or one of a series of lakes, though the nature as a fresh or salt-water body is uncertain. The depth of the basin has been suggested as either shallow or fairly deep. The basin formed near the center of the supercontinent Gondwana during the early part of the diversification of flowering plants.[3][4]
The A. seldeni holotype specimen was preserved in the Brazilian Society of Paleoarthropodology collections when first studied. The fossil was described by paleontologists Federica Menon, Rafael G. Martins-Neto and David M. Martill in a 2005 paper.[1] The genus name is a combination of Araripe, for the Araripe Basin where the fossil was collected, combined with nymphes, taken from the family name Nymphidae. They coined the specific epithet seldeni to honor Paul Selden, professor with the University of Manchester.[1]
A second specimen was described by Justine Myskowiak and a research team who published a description of it and a slight revision of the genus diagnosis in 2016.[2] In 2017, it was suggested that Araripenymphes instead belongs to the family Crastomylidae within the superfamily Myrmeleontoidea.[5] This was supported by the phylogenetic analysis in 2021.[6] Lu, Xu and Liu (2022) named a second species A. burmanus based on the Burmese amber (early Cenomanian) where its fossils are found.[7] Khramov and Nam (2024) named a third species A. koreicus from the Jinju Formation (Albian) based on the country South Korea where its fossils are found.[8]
Description
editThe type species shows probable sexual dimorphism, with differences in the wing coloration and wing lengths noted between fossils SBPr-I-2365 and iQ563.[2] In SBPr-I-2365 the 28.0 mm (1.10 in) fore wings are longer than iQ563, which has 26.5 mm (1.04 in) long fore wings. In contrast the 27.0 mm (1.06 in) hind wings of iQ563 are longer than the 26.0 mm (1.02 in) long hind wings of SBPr-I-2365. In addition to the length differences, all four wings of iQ563 display mottled light and dark color patterning, while the wings of SBPr-I-2365 are hyaline and have no patterning at all. The full body length of iQ563 is approximately 16.0 mm (0.63 in). The heads of both fossils are shorter than wide, with large eyes placed on the sides. The antennae of SBPr-I-2365 are long and have many segments, while the antennae of iQ563 were not preserved. In both specimens the abdomen terminations are poorly preserved making gender identification impossible.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c Menon, F.; Martins-Neto, R.G.; Martill, D. (2005). "A new Lower Cretaceous nymphid (Insecta, Neuroptera, Nymphidae) from the Crato Formation of Brazil". Gaea: Journal of Geoscience. 1 (1): 11–15.
- ^ a b c d Myskowiak, J.; Huang, D.; Azar, D.; Cai, C.; Garrouste, R.; Nel, A. (2016). "New lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Osmylidae, Nymphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 59: 214–227. Bibcode:2016CrRes..59..214M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.029.
- ^ Bechly, G.; Makarkin, V. N. (2016). "A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas". Cretaceous Research. 58: 135–140. Bibcode:2016CrRes..58..135B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.014.
- ^ Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007). The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6.
- ^ Makarkin, Vladimir N.; Heads, Sam W.; Wedmann, Sonja (October 2017). "Taxonomic study of the Cretaceous lacewing family Babinskaiidae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontoidea: Nymphidoidae), with description of new taxa". Cretaceous Research. 78: 149–160. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.06.007. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Lu, Xiumei; Wang, Bo; Liu, Xingyue (2021-08-12). "New Cretaceous antlion-like lacewings promote a phylogenetic reappraisal of the extinct myrmeleontoid family Babinskaiidae". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 16431. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95946-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8361207. PMID 34385561.
- ^ Lu, X.; Xu, C.; Liu, X. (2022). "New Cretaceous Lacewings in a Transitional Lineage of Myrmeleontoidea and Their Phylogenetic Implications". Insects. 13 (5): Article 429. doi:10.3390/insects13050429. PMC 9145227. PMID 35621765.
- ^ Khramov, Alexander V.; Nam, Gi-Soo (October 2024). "Discovery of supposedly "Gondwanan" myrmeleontoids (Neuroptera) in the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea". Cretaceous Research: 106024. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106024.
External links
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Data related to Araripenymphes at Wikispecies
