Architecture of New Zealand

Architecture of New Zealand is the built environment of regions, cities and towns of New Zealand.

History

Before British colonisation of New Zealand, the Indigenous architecture of Māori was an 'elaborate tradition of timber architecture'.^[1] Māori constructed rectangular buildings (whare) with a 'small door, an extension of the roof and walls to form a porch, and an interior with hearths along the centre and sleeping places along the walls' for protection against the cold.^[2]

As a British colony, the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time and most colonialists were from England so they reflected English ideas, the first settlers arrived in 1839.^[2] Building in stone was realised to be problematic in a land with earthquakes, and uneconomical given the abundance of timber available for construction.^[1] There was a Gothic revival style of the 1840s–1860s, and early architects included Benjamin Mountfort and Frederick Thatcher.^[2] Significant early colonial buildings include Stone Store, Kemp House (Kerikeri), Pompalier House, Waitangi Treaty House and Old St Paul's in Wellington.^[3] In 1905 the New Zealand Institute of Architects was formed.^[3]

Treaty House (from the back) built in 1833–34
Stone Store, oldest stone building in New Zealand 1836
Whare mid 1870s (man at front is the Chief Tahau)
State house, Petone constructed in 1906 designed by Cecil Wood
Rua Kenana Hepetipa's circular meeting house at Maungapohatu, circa 1908
Old St Paul's cathedral opened June 1866
Pataka (storehouse), image 1950s Whakarewarewa

House plans designed by Ernst and Anna Plischke

Between 1900 and 1930 is described as a neo-Classical period, notable architecture firms include Hoggard, Prouse and Gummer, Gummer and Ford, W. Gray Young and Cecil Wood.^[3]

In the 1930s a modernist aesthetic was introduced to New Zealand, European architect Ernst Plischke was part of this and his wife Anna Plischke brought her European training in landscapes to influence how building related to the outside space around them.^[2]^[4]^[5]

Later European and American styles also were built, for example in the early twentieth century the Californian Bungalow design of a single level wooden building with a verandah became common.^[6]

Te Whare Rūnanga, the Māori meeting house on the Treaty of Waitangi grounds was opened on 6 February 1940.^[7]

South Island developments

University of Otago Registry Building

Many of the more imposing structures in and around Dunedin and Christchurch were built in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the economic boom following the Otago gold rush. A common style for these landmarks is the use of dark basalt blocks and facings of cream-coloured Oamaru stone, a form of limestone mined at Weston in North Otago. Notable buildings in this style include Dunedin Railway Station, the University of Otago Registry Building, Christchurch Arts Centre, Knox Church, Dunedin, ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, Christ's College, Christchurch, Garrison Hall, Dunedin, parts of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings and Otago Boys' High School. Several more recent buildings have mimicked this style by using brick in place of basalt, but using lighter stone facings in an identical style to the older structures. Notable among these buildings are Otago Girls' High School and the Timaru Basilica. This region was able to call upon the talents of many fine architects during this period, among them Robert Lawson, Francis Petre, Benjamin Mountfort, and George Troup.

The St Mary's Basilica in Invercargill was designed by Francis Petre, a renowned New Zealand architect.

Oamaru stone, despite its susceptibility to the elements, is used as a major construction material on several fine buildings, most obviously in the town of Oamaru itself. The historic sector of this town contains numerous fine buildings built in this creamy stone, among them the Forrester Gallery and Waitaki District Council building. Waitaki Boys' High School is also a prime example of the use of Oamaru stone architecture.

The Otago town of Ranfurly, which expanded during the 1930s, is also noted for its Art Deco architecture.

Sustainable building

Effects of earthquakes

Napier and Christchurch have suffered damage to numerous heritage buildings as a result of earthquakes. Napier was rebuilt after a 1931 earthquake in an Art Deco style, which was popular at that time. The 2010 and 2011 earthquakes damaged many buildings and sceneries in Christchurch as well as the Canterbury region.

Architectural education

Victoria University of Wellington, Unitec, ARA Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) and the University of Auckland train future architects.

Organisations

Architecture + Women NZ, New Zealand's professional organisation of women in architecture.
Heritage New Zealand, a non-profit autonomous Crown entity, was set up through the Historic Places Act 1954 as the New Zealand Historic Places Trust to protect New Zealand's historical and cultural heritage including notable buildings.
New Zealand Institute of Architects is a professional organisation that promotes architects and provides services to its membership. Not all New Zealand architects are members of the NZIA. Members pay an annual subscription.
New Zealand Registered Architects Board is a statutory board that assesses, registers and monitors architects in New Zealand.Wellington Architectural Centre
SAHANZ (Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand)