Atossa (Old Persian: Utauθa, or Old Iranian: Hutauθa; 550–475 BC) was an Achaemenid empress. She was the daughter of Cyrus the Great, the sister of Cambyses II, the wife of Darius the Great, the mother of Xerxes the Great and the grandmother of Artaxerxes I.
| Atossa | |
|---|---|
 Tomb of Darius the Great, where Atossa was also buried | |
| Queen mother of the Achaemenid Empire | |
| Tenure | 486–476 BC |
| Coronation | 486 BC |
| Successor | Amestris |
| Queen consort of the Achaemenid Empire | |
| Tenure | 520–486 BC |
| Coronation | 520 BC |
| Predecessor | Cassandane |
| Successor | Amestris |
| Born | c. 550 BC |
| Died | 475 BC |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Darius the Great |
| Issue | Xerxes I Hystaspes Masistes Achaemenes |
| House | Achaemenid |
| Father | Cyrus the Great |
| Mother | Cassandane |
| Religion | Zoroastrianism |
Name
editThe name "Atossa" (or "Atusa") means "bestowing very richly" or "well trickling" or "well granting". Atossa is the Greek (Ancient Greek: Ἄτοσσα) transliteration of the Old Persian name Utauθa. Her name in Avestan is Hutaosā.[1]
Life
editAtossa was born in c. 550 BC.[1] She was eldest daughter of Cyrus the Great; her mother may have been Cassandane.[1] According to Greek sources she married her brother Cambyses II after her father's death, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts.[2] According to Herodotus, Cambyses supposedly married two of his sisters, Atossa and Roxane.[2] This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married Otanes' daughter Phaidyme, whilst his contemporary Ctesias names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she is not referred to as his sister.[2]
Accusations against Cambyses for committing incest are used as a way to vilify him: painting him as mad and vain. This is a common historiographical issue faced in many older historical texts on Persia. For example, one of the primary records of his incestuous acts is from an Egyptian text which antagonizes many of his actions, far beyond incest. However, many of the allegations within the text, such as the killing of the Apis bull, have been confirmed as false, which means that the report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts are also contestable.[2]
When Darius I defeated the followers of a man claiming to be Bardiya (Smerdis), the younger brother of Cambyses II in 522 BC, he married Atossa.[1] Atossa played an important role in the Achaemenid royal family, as she bore Darius the Great the next Achaemenid king, Xerxes I.
Atossa had great authority in the Achaemenid royal house and her marriage with Darius I is likely due to her power, influence and the fact that she was the daughter of the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.[1]
Herodotus records in The Histories that Atossa was troubled by a bleeding lump in her breast. A Greek slave, Democedes, excised the tumor.[3] This is the first recorded case of mastitis,[4] sometimes interpreted as a sign of an inflammatory breast cancer.[3]
Xerxes I was the eldest son of Atossa and Darius. Atossa lived to see Xerxes invade Greece. Atossa's special position enabled Xerxes, who was not the eldest son of Darius, to succeed his father.[1]
Literary references
edit
Aeschylus included her as a central character in his tragedy The Persians. Atossa is also one of the major characters in the Gore Vidal novel Creation.
Atossa is included by Herodotus in his The Histories as a strong woman with considerable influence.[5] Herodotus even goes so far as to suggest that her wanting Hellene servant-girls was a reason for her husband Darius the Great deciding to begin a campaign against Greece[6] in 492 BC.
In his non-fictional history of cancer, The Emperor of All Maladies, Siddhartha Mukherjee imagines Atossa traveling through time, encountering different diagnoses and treatments for her breast cancer. Atossa becomes emblematic of cancer sufferers through history.[7]
Dr. Jason Fung, in his book The Cancer Code, references Atossa's inflammatory breast cancer as written about by the contemporary Greek historian Herodotus.
Legacy
editMinor planet 810 Atossa discovered by Max Wolf, is named in her honor.
She is celebrated in Matthew Arnold's 1882 poem ‘Poor Matthias’, which was about the death of a pet canary.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Schmitt 1987, pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b c d Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. London et al. Archived from the original on 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
- ^ a b Mukherjee 2011, p. 41.
- ^ Sandison, A. T. (1959). "The First Recorded Case of Inflammatory Mastitis— Queen Atossa of Persia and the Physician Democêdes". Medical History. 3 (4): 317–322. doi:10.1017/s0025727300024820. PMC 1034507. PMID 14441415.
- ^ Histories, 3:88.
- ^ Histories, Book 3 - "But Atossa rejoined:- 'Look now, this war with Scythia were best reserved awhile - for the Scythians may be conquered at any time. Prithee, lead me thy host first into Greece. I long to be served by some of those Lacedaemonian maids of whom I have heard so much. I want also Argive, and Athenian, and Corinthian women.' [...]"
- ^ Mukherjee 2011, pp. 463–467.
Sources
edit
- Boyce, Mary (1982). A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004065062.
- Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-725092-9.
- Schmitt, R. (1987). "Atossa". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 1. pp. 13–14.