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Austrian German[2] (German: Österreichisches Deutsch), Austrian Standard German (ASG),[3][4] Standard Austrian German[5] (Österreichisches Standarddeutsch), Austrian High German[2][6] (Österreichisches Hochdeutsch), or simply just Austrian (Österreichisch), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria and South Tyrol. It has the highest sociolinguistic prestige locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations. In less formal situations, Austrians use Bavarian and Alemannic dialects, which are traditionally spoken but rarely written in Austria. It has been standardized with the publishing of the Österreichisches Wörterbuch in 1951.[7][8]
| Austrian German (Austrian) | |
|---|---|
| Austrian Standard German Austrian High German | |
| Österreichisches Standarddeutsch Österreichisches Hochdeutsch | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈøːstɐraɪçɪʃəs ˈʃtandardˌdɔʏtʃ, - ˈstan-] [ˈøːstɐraɪçɪʃəs ˈhoːxdɔʏtʃ] |
| Region | Austria |
| Ethnicity | Austrians |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | de-AT[1] |
 | |
History
editAustrian German has its beginning in the mid-18th century, when Empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II introduced compulsory schooling in 1774, and several reforms of administration in their multilingual Habsburg Empire. At the time, the written standard was Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache (Upper German written language), which was highly influenced by the Bavarian and Alemannic dialects of Austria. Another option was to create a new standard based on the Southern German dialects, as proposed by the linguist Johann Siegmund Popowitsch. Instead they decided for pragmatic reasons to adopt the already-standardized chancellery language of Saxony (Sächsische Kanzleisprache or Meißner Kanzleideutsch), which was based on the administrative language of the non-Austrian area of Meißen and Dresden. Austria High German (Hochdeutsch in Österreich, not to be confused with the Bavarian Austria German dialects) has the same geographic origin as the Swiss High German (Schweizer Hochdeutsch, not to be confused with the Alemannic Swiss German dialects).
The process of introducing the new written standard was led by Joseph von Sonnenfels.
Since 1951, the standardized form of Austrian German for official governmental use and in schools has been defined by the Österreichisches Wörterbuch ("Austrian Dictionary"), published originally at the behest of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (in the 1950s the "Unterrichtsministerium", under minister Felix Hurdes) with Verlag Jugend & Volk, then by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag.[9]
Standard Austrian German
editThe official Austrian dictionary, Österreichisches Wörterbuch, prescribes spelling rules that define the official language.[5]
Austrian delegates participated in the international working group that drafted the German spelling reform of 1996 and several conferences leading up to the reform were hosted in Vienna at the invitation of the Austrian federal government. Austria adopted it as a signatory, along with Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, of an international memorandum of understanding (Wiener Absichtserklärung) signed in Vienna in 1996.
The eszett or "sharp s" (ß) is used in Austria, as in Germany but not in Switzerland.[10][11]
Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, for which communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language because of Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions. A comprehensive collection of Austrian-German legal, administrative and economic terms is offered in Markhardt, Heidemarie: Wörterbuch der österreichischen Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsterminologie (Peter Lang, 2006).
Because of German's pluricentric nature, German dialects in Austria should not be confused with the variety of Standard Austrian German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of Germany or Switzerland. In the field of German dialectology, the notion of Standard Austrian German has been both debated and defended by German linguists since the 1970s. A One Standard German Axiom, effectively preventing the development of newer standards of German, has recently been offered as a characteristic of the field but has not been taken up.
Former spoken standard
editUntil 1918, the spoken standard in Austria was the Schönbrunner Deutsch, a sociolect spoken by the imperial Habsburg family and the nobility of Austria-Hungary. The sociolect, a variety of Standard German, is influenced by Viennese German and other Austro-Bavarian dialects spoken in eastern Austria but is slightly nasalized.[12][13][note 1]
Special written forms
editFor many years, Austria had a special form of the language for official government documents that is known as Österreichische Kanzleisprache, or "Austrian chancellery language". It is a very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval deeds and documents, and has a very complex structure and vocabulary generally reserved for such documents. For most speakers (even native speakers), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters. There are no regional variations because the special written form has been used mainly by a government that has now for centuries been based in Vienna.
Österreichische Kanzleisprache is now used less and less because of various administrative reforms that reduced the number of traditional civil servants (Beamte). As a result, Standard Austrian German is replacing it in government and administrative texts.
European Union
editWhen Austria became a member of the European Union, 23 food-related terms were listed in its accession agreement as having the same legal status as the equivalent terms used in Germany,[14] for example, the words for "potato", "tomato", and "Brussels sprouts".[note 2] (Examples in "Vocabulary") Austrian German is the only variety of a pluricentric language recognized under international law or EU primary law.[16]
Grammar
editVerbs
editIn Austria, as in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland and in southern Germany, verbs that express a state tend to use sein as the auxiliary verb in the perfect, as well as verbs of movement. Verbs which fall into this category include sitzen (to sit), liegen (to lie) and, in parts of Styria and Carinthia, schlafen (to sleep). Therefore, the perfect of these verbs would be ich bin gesessen, ich bin gelegen and ich bin geschlafen, respectively.
In Germany, the words stehen (to stand) and gestehen (to confess) are identical in the present perfect: habe gestanden. The Austrian variant avoids that potential ambiguity (bin gestanden from stehen, "to stand"; and habe gestanden from gestehen, "to confess": "der Verbrecher ist vor dem Richter gestanden und hat gestanden").
In addition, the preterite (simple past) is very rarely used in Austria, especially in the spoken language, with the exception of some modal verbs (ich sollte, ich wollte).
Vocabulary
editThere are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of Germany. Words used in Austria are Jänner (January) rather than Januar, Feber (seldom, February) along with Februar, heuer (this year) along with dieses Jahr, Stiege (stairs) along with Treppen, Rauchfang (chimney) instead of Schornstein, many administrative, legal and political terms, and many food terms, including the following:[17][18]
| Austrian Standard German | Standard German | English |
|---|---|---|
| Brandteigkrapferl | Windbeutel | Cream puff |
| Eierspeise | Rühreier | Scrambled eggs |
| Erdapfel (also Bavarian and Southern German) | Kartoffel | Potato |
| Faschiertes | Hackfleisch | Minced meat/Ground beef |
| Fisolen | Gartenbohnen or Grüne Bohnen |
Common beans /green beans |
| Karfiol (also Bavarian and Southern German) | Blumenkohl | Cauliflower |
| Kohlsprossen | Rosenkohl | Brussel sprouts |
| Kren (also Bavarian and Southern German) | Meerrettich | Horseradish |
| Kukuruz (southeastern and western Austria) | Mais | Maize/corn |
| Marille | Aprikose | Apricot |
| Melange | Milchkaffee | Milk heavy coffee drink |
| Melanzani | Aubergine | Aubergine/eggplant |
| Palatschinke | Pfannkuchen | Pancake |
| Paradeiser (Vienna, Eastern Austria) |
Tomate | Tomato |
| Rote Rübe | Rote Bete | Beetroot |
| Sauce Tartare | Remoulade | Tartar Sauce |
| Schlagobers | Schlagsahne | Whipped cream |
| Stanitzel | Eiswaffel | Ice cream cone |
| Staubzucker | Puderzucker | Icing sugar/powdered sugar |
| Topfen (also Bavarian) | Quark | Quark, a semi-sweet cottage cheese |
| Weckerl (also Bavarian) | Brötchen | Roll (bread) |
There are, however, some false friends between the two regional varieties:
- Kasten (wardrobe) along with or instead of Schrank (and, similarly, Eiskasten along with Kühlschrank, fridge), as opposed to Kiste (box) instead of Kasten. Kiste in Germany means both "box" and "chest".
- Sessel (chair) instead of Stuhl. Sessel means "easy chair" in Germany and Stuhl means "stool (faeces)" in both varieties.
Dialects
editClassification
edit- Dialects of the Austro-Bavarian group, which also comprises dialects from Bavaria
- Central Austro-Bavarian (along the main rivers Isar and Danube, spoken in the northern parts of the State of Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and northern Burgenland)
- Southern Austro-Bavarian (in Tyrol, South Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland)
- Vorarlbergerisch, spoken in Vorarlberg, is a High Alemannic dialect.
Regional accents
editIn addition to the standard variety, in everyday life most Austrians speak one of a number of Upper German dialects.
While strong forms of the various dialects are not fully mutually intelligible to northern Germans, communication is much easier in Bavaria, especially rural areas, where the Bavarian dialect still predominates as the mother tongue. The Central Austro-Bavarian dialects are more intelligible to speakers of Standard German than the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialects of Tyrol.
Viennese, the Austro-Bavarian dialect of Vienna, is seen for many in Germany as quintessentially Austrian. The people of Graz, the capital of Styria, speak yet another dialect which is not very Styrian and more easily understood by people from other parts of Austria than other Styrian dialects, for example from western Styria.
Simple words in the various dialects are very similar, but pronunciation is distinct for each and, after listening to a few spoken words, it may be possible for an Austrian to realise which dialect is being spoken. However, in regard to the dialects of the deeper valleys of the Tyrol, other Tyroleans are often unable to understand them. Speakers from the different provinces of Austria can easily be distinguished from each other by their particular accents (probably more so than Bavarians), those of Carinthia, Styria, Vienna, Upper Austria, and the Tyrol being very characteristic. Speakers from those regions, even those speaking Standard German, can usually be easily identified by their accent, even by an untrained listener.
Several of the dialects have been influenced by contact with non-Germanic linguistic groups, such as the dialect of Carinthia, where, in the past, many speakers were bilingual (and, in the southeastern portions of the state, many still are even today) with Slovene, and the dialect of Vienna, which has been influenced by immigration during the Austro-Hungarian period, particularly from what is today the Czech Republic. The German dialects of South Tyrol have been influenced by local Romance languages, particularly noticeable with the many loanwords from Italian and Ladin.
The geographic borderlines between the different accents (isoglosses) coincide strongly with the borders of the states and also with the border with Bavaria, with Bavarians having a markedly different rhythm of speech in spite of the linguistic similarities.
References
editNotes
edit- ^ Some examples of Schönbrunner Deutsch:
- Otto von Habsburg (2004), former crown prince: Quo vadis Integration lecture
- Emperor Charles I of Austria (1916–1918): Recording (1.5 min)
- Emperor Franz Joseph (1848–1916): Speech for a military fund (30 sec)
- ^ The 23 food terms of Protokoll Nr. 10 is quoted in this article:[15]
Citations
edit- ^ de-AT is an IETF language tag that conforms with the current specification BCP 47 Language Tags (where de-AT happens to be mentioned explicitly). It is often used, for instance in major operating systems (e.g. [1], [2])
- ^ a b "The problems of Austrian German in Europe". eurotopics.net. euro|topics. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ Russ (1994:7, 61–65, 69, 70)
- ^ Sanders, Ruth H. (2010), German: Biography of a Language, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 197–198, ISBN 978-0-19-538845-9
- ^ a b Moosmüller, Sylvia (2007), Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 13 May 2015
- ^ Perfetti, Charles A.; Rieben, Laurence; Fayol, Michel, eds. (1997), Learning to Spell: Research, Theory, and Practice Across Languages, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 88, ISBN 978-1-4106-0458-3
- ^ Ebner, Jakob (2008). Duden: Österreichisches Deutsch (PDF). Dudenverl. 11-13. ISBN 978-3-411-73131-2. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Moosmüller, Sylvia; Soukup, Barbara. "Standard language in Austria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Dollinger, Stefan (2021). Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? (in German) (3rd ed.). Vienna: New Academic Press. pp. 125–128.
- ^ Joyce, Paul. "German Alphabet: Umlauts and 'ß' - Paul Joyce". joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Zui (5 November 2022). "The story of Eszett (ß)". The Language Closet. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Johnston, William M. (23 March 1923). The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938. University of California Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780520049550.
- ^ Rennison, J.R. (2005), "Austria: Language Situation", in Brown, Keith (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Elsevier Science, ISBN 9780080547848
- ^ "Documents concerning the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Norway to the European Union". European Commission. 29 August 1994. p. 370. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
The specific Austrian terms of the German language contained in the Austrian legal order and listed in the Annex [Protocol No. 10] to this Protocol shall have the same status and may be used with the same legal effect as the corresponding terms used in Germany listed in that Annex.
- ^ Gröller, Harald (2006). "Deutsch oder Österreichisch - Ein kurzer Überblick über die österreichische Sprachpolitik". Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften (in German). 16.
- ^ Markhardt's Das österreichische Deutsch im Rahmen der EU, Peter Lang, 2005.
- ^ Otto Back, Erich Benedikt, Karl Blüml, et al.: Österreichisches Wörterbuch (neue Rechtschreibung). Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur. Auf der Grundlage des amtlichen Regelwerks. 41. circulation, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Wien 2009, ISBN 978-3-209-06875-0
- ^ Tölgyesi, Tamás (January 2017). "Austriazismen in der mitteleuropäischen Küche". Intra- und Interlinguale Zugänge zum Kulinarischen Diskurs I.
Works cited
edit- Russ, Charles (1994), The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-42577-0
Further reading
edit- Ammon, Ulrich: Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1995.
- Ammon, Ulrich / Hans Bickel, Jakob Ebner u. a.: Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol. Berlin/New York 2004, ISBN 3-11-016574-0.
- Dollinger, Stefan: Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert. New Academic Press, 2021. Available online, 3rd ed.:https://www.nid-library.com/Home/BookDetail/512 ISBN 978-3-99036-023-1
- Grzega, Joachim: „Deutschländisch und Österreichisches Deutsch: Mehr Unterschiede als nur in Wortschatz und Aussprache.“ In: Joachim Grzega: Sprachwissenschaft ohne Fachchinesisch. Shaker, Aachen 2001, S. 7–26. ISBN 3-8265-8826-6.
- Grzega, Joachim: "On the Description of National Varieties: Examples from (German and Austrian) German and (English and American) English". In: Linguistik Online 7 (2000).
- Grzega, Joachim: "Nonchalance als Merkmal des Österreichischen Deutsch". In: Muttersprache 113 (2003): 242–254.
- Muhr, Rudolf / Schrodt, Richard: Österreichisches Deutsch und andere nationale Varietäten plurizentrischer Sprachen in Europa. Wien, 1997
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009). "Die Standardaussprache in Österreich". Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6.
- Muhr, Rudolf/Schrodt, Richard/Wiesinger, Peter (eds.): Österreichisches Deutsch: Linguistische, sozialpsychologische und sprachpolitische Aspekte einer nationalen Variante des Deutschen. Wien, 1995.
- Pohl, Heinz Dieter: „Österreichische Identität und österreichisches Deutsch“ aus dem „Kärntner Jahrbuch für Politik 1999“
- Wiesinger, Peter: Die deutsche Sprache in Österreich. Eine Einführung, In: Wiesinger (Hg.): Das österreichische Deutsch. Schriften zur deutschen Sprache. Band 12. (Wien, Köln, Graz, 1988, Verlag, Böhlau)