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Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya, Croatian: Baranja, Serbian: Барања / Baranja, German: Branau) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now divided between present-day Baranya County of Hungary and Osijek-Baranja County of Croatia. The capital of the county was Pécs.
| Baranya County | |
|---|---|
| County of the Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1541, 1699-1946) | |
 Coat of arms
| |
 | |
| Capital | Pécs |
| Area | |
| • Coordinates | 46°5′N 18°14′E / 46.083°N 18.233°E |
• 1910 | 5,176 km2 (1,998 sq mi) |
• 1930 | 4,033 km2 (1,557 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1910 | 352,478 |
• 1930 | 311,660 |
| History | |
• Established | 1000 |
• Ottoman conquest | 1541 |
• County recreated | 1699 |
| 4 June 1920 | |
| 11 April 1941 | |
• Monarchy abolished | 1 February 1946 |
| Today part of | Hungary (4,033 km2) Croatia (1,143 km2) |
Geography
editBaranya county was located in Baranya region. It shared borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Tolna, Bács-Bodrog and Verőce (the latter county was part of Croatia-Slavonia). The county stretched along the rivers Drava (north bank) and Danube (west bank), up to their confluence. Its area was 5,176 km2 around 1910.
Historical background
editBaranya county arose as one of the first counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, in the 11th century. Stephen I of Hungary founded an episcopal seat here. In the 15th century, Janus Pannonius was the Bishop of Pécs. In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire conquered Baranya, and included it in the sanjak of Mohács, an Ottoman administrative unit, with the seat Turks in Hungary in the city of Mohács.
History
editAt the end of the 17th century, Baranya was captured by the Habsburg monarchy, and was included in the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary after the Battle of Mohács (1687). Under the Habsburg rule, German settlers were taken from different parts of Germany, the so-called Danube Swabians.
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians. Their ancestors arrived ca. 1717–1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in Baranya.[1] They held their own German dialect and culture until the end of WW II; after the war, the majority of Danube Swabians was expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria subsequent to the Potsdam Agreement.[2] Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect. Also a salami is named after these people.[3]
In 1918, the entire Baranya was captured by Serbian troops and was administered by the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but as a Republic, see: Baranya-Baja Republic.
By the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, the territory of the county was divided between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929) and Hungary. The south-east of the county was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the remainder was assigned to Hungary.
The former Yugoslav part of the pre-1920 county was occupied and annexed by Hungary during World War II and the pre-1920 borders of Baranya county were restored in 1941. The post-1920 borders were restored again after World War II and the territory of the county reduced again.
Until the end of World War II, the inhabitants were all Catholic Danube Swabians, also called locally as Stifolder, because the majority of their ancestors arrived in the 17th and 18th centuries from Fulda (district).[4] Most of the former German settlers were expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria in 1945–1948, consequent to the Potsdam Agreement.[5] Anyway a big Germans of Hungary Minority live in Baranya today.
Since 1991, when Croatia became independent from Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav part of pre-1920 Baranya county is part of Croatia. Between 1991 and 1995 it was under occupation of rebel Croatian Serbs, while from 1995 through 1998 the United Nations administered that area (United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium) as a transitional body. In modern times there is a Magyar and Serb minority in Croatian Baranja and a Croatian minority in Hungarian Baranya. Roma minority is present in both parts, as well as Germans (mostly until 1945). Today, the present Hungarian county of Baranya also include some lands in the west that were not part of the historic Baranya county (after World War II most of the district of Szigetvár – previously part of Somogy county – and some other localities was transferred to Baranya county).
Demographics
editIn 1900, the county had a population of 334,764 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:[6]
Total:
- Hungarian: 183,042 (54.7%)
- Danube Swabians: 111,051 (33.2%)
- Croatian: 15,431 (4.6%)
- Serbian: 12,856 (3.8%)
- Slovak: 482 (0.1%)
- Romanian: 47 (0.0%)
- Ruthenian: 10 (0.0%)
- Other or unknown: 11,845 (3.6%)
According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:[7]
Total:
- Roman Catholic (term): 253,686 (75.8%)
- Calvinist: 43,014 (12.9%)
- Lutheran: 14,252 (4.3%)
- Greek Orthodox: 13,520 (4.0%)
- Jewish: 9,260 (2.8%)
- Greek Catholic: 201 (0.0%)
- Unitarian: 105 (0.0%)
- Other or unknown: 726 (0.2%)
In 1910, the county had a population of 352,478 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:[8]
- Hungarian: 199,659 (56.6%)
- Danube Swabians German: 112,297 (31.9%)
- Serbian: 13,048 (3.7%)
- Croatian: 10,159 (2,9)
- Slovak: 392 (0.1%)
- Romanian: 54 (0.0%)
- Ruthenian: 5 (0.0%)
- Other: 16,864 (4.8%)
According to the census of 1910, the county was composed of the following religious communities:[9]
- Roman Catholic: 272,866 (77.4%)
- Calvinist: 41,201 (11.7%)
- Lutheran: 14,617 (4.2%)
- Greek Orthodox: 14,114 (4,0)
- Jewish: 8,828 (2.5%)
- Greek Catholic: 239 (0.0%)
- Unitarian: 89 (0.0%)
- Other: 524 (0.2%)
Subdivisions
editIn the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Baranya county were:
References
edit- ^ "Ihr Herz schlägt im Süden / [1], "Stifoller" Kolonisten in der Tolnau und Branau/Ungarn, 1717-1804 ; so könnte es gewesen sein". WorldCat.org. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "Das Hochstift Fulda".
- ^ "The best salami in Hungary". 25 July 2018.
- ^ Die Stiffoller und der Stiffolder feked.hu
- ^ "Die Vertreibung – Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Ungarn".
- ^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- ^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- ^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 16 June 2012.