The Battle of Chaul was a naval battle between the Portuguese and an Egyptian Mamluk fleet in 1508 in the harbour of Chaul in India. The battle ended in a Mamluk victory. It followed the Siege of Cannanore in which a Portuguese garrison successfully resisted an attack by Southern Indian rulers. This was the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the Indian Ocean.[2]
| Battle of Chaul (1508) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts and Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
 Portuguese ships, 16th century | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Portuguese Empire |
Mamluk Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Lourenço de Almeida † |
Amir Husain Al-Kurdi Malik Ayyaz Mayimama Marakkar †[1] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 3 ships and 5 caravels[2] |
6 Egyptian carracks and 6 great galleys, 1500 combatants[3] 40 Gujarat Sultanate galleys | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
6 ships[2] 140 men | 600–700[4] | ||||||
Background
editPreviously, the Portuguese had been mainly active in Calicut, but the northern region of Gujarat was even more important for trade, and an essential intermediary in east–west trade: the Gujaratis were bringing spices from the Moluccas as well as silk from China, and then selling them to the Egyptians and Arabs.[5]
The Portuguese' monopolizing interventions were however seriously disrupting Indian Ocean trade, threatening Arab as well as Venetian interests, as it became possible for the Portuguese to undersell the Venetians in the spice trade in Europe. Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean, sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court.[6] Venice negotiated for Egyptian tariffs to be lowered to facilitate competition with the Portuguese, and suggested that "rapid and secret remedies" be taken against the Portuguese.[6] The sovereign of Calicut, the Zamorin, had also sent an ambassador asking for help against the Portuguese.[7]
Since the Mamluks only had little in terms of naval power, timber had to be provided from the Black Sea in order to build the ships, about half of which was intercepted by the Hospitallers of St. John in Rhodes, so that only a fraction of the planned fleet could be assembled at Suez.[5] The timber was then brought overland on camel back, and assembled at Suez under the supervision of Venetian shipwrights.[7]
Preparations
editThe Mamluk fleet finally left in February 1507 under Amir Husain Al-Kurdi in order to counter the expansion of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and arrived in the Indian port of Diu in 1508 after delays subduing the city of Jeddha.[5] It consisted of six round ships and six great galleys called galleasses.[5] 1500 combatants were on board, as well as the ambassador of the Zamorin ruler of Calicut, Mayimama Mārakkār.[7]
The fleet was to join with Malik Ayyaz, a former Russian slave, who was in the service of the Sultan Mahmud Begada of Gujarat Sultanate, who was naval chief and master of Diu.[5] The fleet was also planning to join with the Zamorin of Calicut, and then to raid and destroy all the Portuguese possessions on the Indian coast, but the Zamorin, who was expecting the Mamluk fleet in 1507 had already left.[2]
Battle
editThe Portuguese, under Lourenço de Almeida, son of the Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, were inferior in number with only a light force, and located in the nearby harbour of Chaul. The rest had sailed north to protect shipping and fight the so-called piracy. The Mamluks sailed into Chaul and fought for two days inconclusively with the Portuguese, unable to board their ships. Finally, Malik Ayaz sailed in with his own galleys. The Portuguese had to retreat, and Almeida's ship was sunk at the entrance of Chaul harbour with Almeida aboard. Amir Hussain returned to the port of Diu, but from that point abandoned any further initiative on the Indian coast, his ships becoming derelict and his crews dispersing.[2]
Aftermath
editAlthough a victory for the Muslim forces, the result had been largely phyrric. Hussain had lost between 600 and 700 out of a total of 800 soldiers and the remainder of his forces now feared European weaponry.[8]
The Portuguese later returned and attacked the fleet in the harbour of Diu, leading to a decisive victory in the Battle of Diu (1509).[2]
These events would be followed by a new Ottoman intervention in 1538, with the Siege of Diu.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497-1550 R.S. Whiteway p. 93
- ^ a b c d e f Tide of Empires: 1481–1654 Peter Padfield p.62ff
- ^ Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580 by Bailey Wallys Diffie p.232 [1]
- ^ "Conquerors; How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the first Global Empire" by Roger Crowley p.219
- ^ a b c d e Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580 Bailey Wallys Diffie p.234ff [2]
- ^ a b Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580 Bailey Wallys Diffie p.230ff [3]
- ^ a b c Malabar manual William Logan p.316ff
- ^ Crowley, Roger (2015-09-15). Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the First Global Empire. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29091-8.