Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site

Bent's Old Fort
	Bent's Old Fort
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. National Historic Landmark
	U.S. National Historic Site
	Bent's Old Fort
Location	Otero County, Colorado, United States
Nearest city	La Junta, Colorado
Coordinates	38°02′26″N 103°25′46″W / 38.0406°N 103.4294°W
Area	799 acres (3.23 km2)
Built	1833
Architect	William Bent; Charles Bent
Visitation	28,131 (2009)
Website	Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site
NRHP reference No.	66000254
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966
Designated NHL	June 3, 1960
Designated NHS	December 19, 1960

Bent's Old Fort is a fort located in Otero County in southeastern Colorado, United States. A company owned by Charles Bent and William Bent and Ceran St. Vrain built the fort in 1833 to trade with Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Plains Indians and trappers for buffalo robes. For much of its 16-year history, the fort was the only major white American permanent settlement on the Santa Fe Trail between Missouri and the Mexican settlements. It was destroyed in 1849.

The fort was reconstructed and is open to the public. The area of the fort was designated a National Historic Site under the National Park Service on June 3, 1960. It was further designated a National Historic Landmark later that year on December 19, 1960.^[4]^[5]^[6]

History

Approach to Bent's Old Fort, Colorado. Wetlands protecting the north trail.

The adobe fort quickly became the center of the Bent, St. Vrain Company's expanding trade empire, which included Fort Saint Vrain to the north and Fort Adobe to the south, along with company stores in New Mexico at Taos and Santa Fe. The primary trade was with the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians for buffalo robes.

From 1833 to 1849, the fort was a stopping point along the Santa Fe Trail. It was the only permanent settlement not under the jurisdiction and control of Native Americans or Mexicans. The U.S. Army, explorers, and other travelers stopped at the fort to replenish supplies, such as water and food, and perform needed maintenance to their wagons. The American frontiersman Kit Carson was employed as a hunter by the Bent brothers in 1841, and regularly visited the Fort.^[7] Likewise, the explorer John C. Frémont used the Fort as both a staging area and a replenishment junction, for his expeditions.^[8] During the Mexican–American War in 1846, the fort became a staging area for Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny's "Army of the West".^[9]

Ralph Emerson Twitchell makes the following statement.^[10]

Bent's Fort is described as having been a structure built of adobe bricks. It was 180 feet long and 135 feet wide. The walls were 15 feet in height and four feet thick and it was the strongest post at that time west of Ft. Leavenworth. The construction of this fort was commenced in 1828 ... at a point on the Arkansas somewhere between the present cities of Pueblo and Canon City, having been disadvantageously located. Four years were required in which to complete the structure. On the northwest and southeast corners were hexagonal bastions, in which were mounted a number of cannon. The walls of the fort served as walls of the rooms, all of which faced inwardly on a court or plaza. The walls were loopholed for musketry, and the entrance was through large wooden gates of very heavy timbers.

Abandonment

Bent's Old Fort, Lower Level Plan

In 1849 when a great cholera epidemic struck the Cheyenne and other Plains Indians, William Bent abandoned Bent's Fort and moved his headquarters north to Fort Saint Vrain on the South Platte. When he returned south in 1852, he relocated his trading business to his log trading post at Big Timbers, near what is now Lamar, Colorado. Later, in the fall of 1853, Bent began building a stone fort on the bluff above Big Timbers, Bent's New Fort, where he conducted his trading business until 1860.^[11]

When the fort was reconstructed in 1976, its authenticity was based on the use of archaeological excavations, paintings and original sketches, diaries and other existing historical data from the period.

In popular culture

The Fort was used as Fort Laramie in the 1979 CBS mini-series The Chisholms, starring Robert Preston.
In George MacDonald Fraser's 1982 novel, Flashman and the Redskins, the anti-hero Flashman is present at the destruction of Bents' Fort.^[12]
Bent's Fort is featured briefly in Larry McMurty's 1985 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Lonesome Dove, as well as in the 1989 Emmy Award-winning four-part TV miniseries adapted from the book.^{[citation needed]}
Bent's Fort in the spring of 1834 is a major setting for Terry Johnston's 1988 novel One-Eyed Dream.
Bent's Fort is featured briefly in episode 3 of James Michener's Centennial miniseries in 1978.
Bent's Fort inspired video game developer Rockstar Games to recreate its likeness in the 2010 game Red Dead Redemption as Fort Mercer in the Rio Bravo region.^{[citation needed]}
A restaurant named "The Fort" in Morrison, Colorado, near Denver has architecture and decor adapted from Bent's Old Fort, with motif and cuisine inspired from the region in the 1830s.^[13]^{[third-party source needed]}

Gallery

Bent's Old Fort entrance sign in Otero County, Colorado
Bent's Old Fort outside view
"Gentlemen" who stopped by the fort while traveling the Santa Fe Trail stayed in the upstairs quarters.
Row of rooms on the right side of the fort
The billiards room was located on the second floor of the fort.
Clothes washing area at Bent's Old Fort
View of the entrance from inside Bent's Old Fort

Notes

^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 30, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Bent's Old Fort". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009.
^ "Bent's Old Fort or Fort William", April 20, 1984, by Carl McWilliams and Karen Johnson". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. 1983.
^ "Bent's Old Fort or Fort William--Accompanying 20 photos, from 1983". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. 1983.
^ Hampton Slides, Blood and Thunder, at p. 43 (2006) (Anchor Books paperback ed.)
^ Memoires of My Life--John charles Fremont, Cooper Square Press, 2001, p. 426-428
^ Magoffin, Susan Shelby; Lamar, Howard R (1982). Drumm, Stella Madeleine (ed.). Down the Santa Fe Trail and Into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846–1847. Copyright 1926, 1962 by Yale University Press. US: Univ. of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8116-5.
^ Ralph Emerson Twitchell, 'The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from 1846 to 1851 by the Government of the United States Archived September 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (1909) p.40
^ Pages 53 to 65, 94, 102, Halaas and Masich, Halfbreed
^ Georg MacDonald Fraser, pages 98-109 "Flashman and the Redskins, ISBN 0 330 28004 X
^ Restaurant Website Archived November 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

References

David Fridtjof Halaas and Andrew E. Masich, Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story Of George Bent - Caught Between The Worlds Of The Indian And The White Man, Da Capo Press (March 15, 2005), hardcover, 458 pages, ISBN 0-306-81410-2 ISBN 978-0306814105

External links

[area-1] "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 30, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)

[visits-2] "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved March 30, 2012.

[nris-3] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.

[nhlsum-4] "Bent's Old Fort". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009.

[nrhpinv-5] "Bent's Old Fort or Fort William", April 20, 1984, by Carl McWilliams and Karen Johnson". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. 1983.

[nrhpphotos-6] "Bent's Old Fort or Fort William--Accompanying 20 photos, from 1983". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. 1983.

[7] Hampton Slides, Blood and Thunder, at p. 43 (2006) (Anchor Books paperback ed.)

[8] Memoires of My Life--John charles Fremont, Cooper Square Press, 2001, p. 426-428

[9] Magoffin, Susan Shelby; Lamar, Howard R (1982). Drumm, Stella Madeleine (ed.). Down the Santa Fe Trail and Into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846–1847. Copyright 1926, 1962 by Yale University Press. US: Univ. of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8116-5.

[10] Ralph Emerson Twitchell, 'The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from 1846 to 1851 by the Government of the United States Archived September 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (1909) p.40

[11] Pages 53 to 65, 94, 102, Halaas and Masich, Halfbreed

[12] Georg MacDonald Fraser, pages 98-109 "Flashman and the Redskins, ISBN 0 330 28004 X

[13] Restaurant Website Archived November 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]