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Hawaii (island)

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Hawaii (/həˈwaɪ.i/ ⓘ hə-WY-ee; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [həˈvɐjʔi]) is the largest island in the United States, located in the eponymous state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of 4,028 square miles (10,430 km2), it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago's combined landmass. However, it has only 13% of the archipelago's population. The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the north and south islands of New Zealand.[2]

Hawaiʻi
Nickname: The Big Island, Moku o Keawe
Landsat mosaic, 1999–2001
Location in the state of Hawaii
Geography
LocationNorth Pacific Ocean
Coordinates19°36′N 155°30′W / 19.6°N 155.5°W / 19.6; -155.5
Area4,028 sq mi (10,430 km2)
Area rankLargest Hawaiian Island
Highest elevation13,803 ft (4207.2 m)[1]
Highest pointMauna Kea
Administration
United States
Symbols
FlowerRed Pua Lehua (ʻOhiʻa blossom)
ColorʻUlaʻula (red)
Largest settlementHilo
Demographics
Population200,629 (2020)
Pop. density49.8/sq mi (19.23/km2)
Additional information
Time zone

The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaii or Hawaii Island to distinguish it from the state. It is also referred to as The Big Island, due to its size relative to the other islands. In Hawaiian, the island is sometimes called Moku o Keawe. The word keawe has several meanings. One definition, "southern cross", is said to be the name of an ancient chief.[3] Another definition is "the bearer" (ke-a-we).[4] Hawaii County is the local administrative unit.

As of the 2020 census, the population was 200,629.[5] The county seat and largest town is Hilo. Hawaiʻi County has no incorporated cities.[6]

History

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Main article: History of Hawaii
See also: Hawaii § History
 
James Kealoha Beach, "Carlsmith Beach Park", in Hilo

Hawaii is allegedly named after Hawaiʻiloa, a legendary Polynesian navigator who is said to have discovered the island. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki, a place from which some Polynesians are said to have originated, the place where they transition to in the afterlife, or the realm of the gods and goddesses. The indigenous Hawaiian name of the island was originally rendered and published as "Owyhee" or "Owhyhee".

Hawaii was the home island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha forcibly united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after several years of war, and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island.[7] In 1822, missionary William Ellis arrived and was one of a party that completed a tour of the island, descriptions of which were later published in his journal.[8]

Geology and geography

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Aerial view, 3D computer-generated image

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5,086 square miles (13,170 km2), of which 4,028 sq mi (10,430 km2) is land and 1,058 sq mi (2,740 km2) (20.8%) is water.[9] The county's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state's land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States. Delaware's Sussex County comes in second at 48.0 percent, while Rhode Island's Providence County is third at 39.6 percent.

At its greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles (150 km) across. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea at 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) is the world's tallest mountain, taller than even Mount Everest, since the base of Mount Everest is above sea level.[10]

Ka Lae, the southernmost point in the 50 states of the United States, is on Hawaii. The nearest landfall to the south is the Line Islands. To the northwest of the island of Hawaii is the island of Maui, whose Haleakalā volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel.

 
A view of the Kohala Coast and adjacent volcanoes, taken from the slopes of Kohala Mountains about 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Kawaihae. From left to right: Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai.

Volcanism

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The five shield volcanoes
 
Steam plume as Kīlauea red lava enters the ocean at three Waikupanaha and one Ki lava ocean entries. Some surface lava is seen too. The image was taken on 16 April 2008.

The island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. These are (from oldest to youngest):[11]

Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic shields (named Ninole and Kulani) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa.[12] Geologists now consider these "outcrops" to be part of Mauna Loa.

Based on geochemical (including trace elements) and isotope differences in their eruptive products, Hawaiian volcanoes fall into two families. The differences are believed due to their separate magma systems. Hualālai and Mauna Loa are members of one family, while Kohala, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea are members of the other.[13]

Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island is growing. Between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres (220 ha) to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960 and again in 2018, and Kalapana and Kaimū in 1990. In 1987 lava filled in "Queen's Bath", a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area.[14] Another 875 acres were added between May and July 2018 by the 2018 lower Puna eruption.[15][16] Mauna Loa erupted in 2022, 38 years after the prior activity.[17]

Some geologists also count two undersea volcanoes in the base of the island.[18] Māhukona off the northwest corner of the island has eroded below the ocean surface.[19] Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) is under water 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Hawaii. It is an erupting seamount that has grown to reach 3,200 feet (980 m) below the ocean surface, and it is forecast to break the surface in 10,000 to 100,000 years.[20]

Great Crack

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See also: Koa'e Fault Zone
 
Lava entering the Pacific at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in April 2005, increasing the size of the island

The Great Crack is an eight-mile-long (13,000 m), 60-foot-wide (18 m) and 60-foot-deep (18 m) fissure in the island, in the district of Ka'u. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea.[21] While neither the earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack, lava welled out of its lower 6 miles (10 km) in 1823.[21]

Trails, rock walls, and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century exist near the Great Crack. In August 2018, the National Park Service purchased nearly 2,000 acres (810 ha) of private land adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, claiming that the area had important geological features to be studied and preserved.[22]

Hilina Slump

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Main article: Hilina Slump
 
Punaluʻu Black Sand Beach Park
 
Laʻaloa Bay, also known as "Magic Sands", located in Kailua-Kona

The Hilina Slump is a 4,760-cubic-mile (19,800 km3) section of the south slope of Kīlauea that is moving away from the island. Between 1990 and 1993, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements showed a southward displacement of about 4 inches (10 cm) per year.[23] Undersea measurements show a "bench" that has formed a buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of catastrophic detachment.[24][25]

Earthquakes and tsunamis

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See also: List of earthquakes in Hawaii
 
Anaehoʻomalu Beach panorama

On 2 April 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii. This was the most destructive earthquake in the Hawaii's recorded history.[26] It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa, 5 miles (8 km) north of Pahala, killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 more lives. The villages of Punaluʻu, Nīnole, Kawaʻa, Honuʻapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. The tsunami reportedly rolled over the tops of the coconut trees up to 60 feet (18 m) high, and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile (400 meters) in some places.[27]

On 29 November 1975, a 37-mile-wide (60 km) section of the Hilina Slump dropped 11.5 feet (3.5 m) and slid 26 feet (7.9 m) toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a 48-foot-high (15 m) tsunami. Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured.[28]

The island suffered damage from a tsunami caused by earthquakes in Alaska on 1 April 1946, and in Chile on 23 May 1960. Downtown Hilo was damaged by both tsunamis, with many lives lost. Just north of Hilo, Laupāhoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946.[29]

In March 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused minor damage in Hawaii. The estimated damage to public buildings was about US$3 million.[30] In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay, destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay, caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona, flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel,[31] and temporarily closed the Kona Village Resort.[32]

In early May 2018, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone, leading officials to issue evacuation warnings. On 3 May 2018, the volcano erupted in Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, causing evacuations of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions.[33][34] A seemingly related 5.3 magnitude quake and a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May.[35][36]

Volcanic fog

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Mobile atmospheric volcanic fog measuring station in Hawaii

Vog (volcanic fog) can envelop the island of Hawaii when Kilauea is active. Since the termination of volcanic activity in September 2018, vog has largely disappeared on the west side of the island.[37] The gas plumes created a blanket of vog that the trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast. Vog can damage the health of plants, humans, and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage them. Flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are reported, and are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions.[38][39][40][41]

National protected areas

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Lehua blossoms, Hawaiʻi

The island hosts many specialized ecosystems/microclimates, including many protected by federal designation:


Economy

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Sugarcane was the backbone of the island economy for more than a century. In the mid-20th century, sugarcane plantations began to downsize, and in 1995 the island's last plantation closed.[42]

Most of the island's economy depends on tourism, centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. Sustainable tourism is increasing.[43]

Diversified agriculture is a growth sector. Major crops include macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, aquaculture, and coffee beans. The island's orchid production is the state's largest.[44] The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches: Parker Ranch, on 175,000 acres (708 km2) in Waimea.

The island is known for astronomy, with numerous telescopes positioned on the summit of Mauna Kea at the Mauna Kea Observatories, where atmospheric clarity is excellent and little light pollution intrudes.[45] Astronomy has become somewhat controversial, given accusations of mismanagement by the observatory manager, the University of Hawaii. The proposed addition of the Thirty Meter Telescope generated protests that stalled the project and led to the transfer of management responsibility to a Governor-appointed body.[46]

NELHA (Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority), a 675-acre (273 ha) state developed site, is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on the west side of the island. It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean-related research, education, and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner. Business tenants on this coastal site include microalgae farms, aquaculture, solar technology and marine biotech. Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep-sea water from a depth of up to 3,000 feet (910 m), as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine. A 2012 study by the University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization reported that the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $87.7 million and created 583 jobs.[47]

Transportation

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Bus in Hilo

Roads

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Three routes connect the two major towns, Hilo on the east coast and Kailua-Kona on the west coast:[48]

State highways 270 (Kawaihae – Hawi) and 180 (the "Kona coffee road", connect Honalo to State highway 190), South Point Road (Highway 11 to South Point), etc.

The three Hawaii Scenic Byways are:

  • Mamalahoa Kona Heritage Center
  • Royal Footsteps Along the Kona Coast
  • Kaʻu Scenic Byway – The Slopes of Mauna Loa

Rental car offices are at the international airports. Taxi service is also available. Island-wide bus service is provided by the Hele-On Bus.[49]

Airports

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Two commercial airports serve Hawaiʻi Island:

The private airports are:

Seaports

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The major commercial ports are Hilo on the east side and Kawaihae on the west side. Cruise ships often stop at Kailua-Kona (90 times in 2017)[50] and Hilo (108 times in 2017).[51]

 
ʻAkaka Falls on Kolekole Stream

Tourism

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Places of interest

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Green sea turtle lying on an old lava flow; the background shows a Hawaiian temple, known as a "heiau" in the Hawaiian language.
 
Hawaii from space, 26 January 2014[52]

Hotels on the east coast

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The larger hotels on the east coast are:

Hotels on the west coast

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The larger hotels on the west coast, from north (Puako) to south (Captain Cook):

Maps

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  •  
    National parks, mountains and cities on the island
  •  
    Topographic map of the island of Hawaii
  •  
    Detailed map of the island of Hawaii

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Summit USGS 1977". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  2. ^ "List of the Islands of Polynesia". Archived from the original on January 1, 2017.
  3. ^ Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope. "Hawaiian Dictionary". University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  4. ^ Andrews-Parker. "Nā Puke Wehewehe a Pau (Andrews Dictionary)". University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  5. ^ "HAWAII: 2020 Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  6. ^ "2010 Geographic Terms and Concepts – Place". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014.
  7. ^ Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne (October 2, 1997). Remaking Queen Victoria. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-521-57485-3. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  8. ^ William Ellis (1823). A Journal of a Tour around Hawaii, the Largest of the Sandwich Islands. Crocker and Brewster, New York, republished 2004, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. ISBN 1-56647-605-4.
  9. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  10. ^ "Highest Mountain in the World". Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  11. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  12. ^ MacDonald, G. A.; Abbott, A. T. (1970). Volcanoes in the Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 0-87022-495-6. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  13. ^ Chang, Julie (April 14, 2022). "Volcano Watch – From Mauna Loa or Kilauea? A Geologic Whodunnit". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
  14. ^ Global Volcanism Program | Report on Kilauea (United States) – March 1987, Global Volcanism Program, doi:10.5479/si.gvp.sean198703-332010, archived from the original on March 10, 2022, retrieved March 10, 2022
  15. ^ "Photo & Video Chronology". United States Geological Survey. June 13, 2018. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  16. ^ "East Rift Zone map". United States Geological Survey. August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  17. ^ "Thousands flock to Mauna Loa for selfies during dramatic eruption". The Guardian. November 30, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  18. ^ Moore, James G.; Clague, David A. (November 1992), "Volcano growth and evolution of the island of Hawaii", Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 104 (11): 1471–84, Bibcode:1992GSAB..104.1471M, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1471:VGAEOT>2.3.CO;2, p. 1471.
  19. ^ Garcia, Michael; Hanano, Diane (March 2008). "Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai'i" (PDF). Bulletin of Volcanology. 74 (6): 1445–63. Bibcode:2012BVol...74.1445G. doi:10.1007/s00445-012-0602-4. S2CID 53118897. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  20. ^ "Loihi". volcanodiscovery.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  21. ^ a b "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory". United States Geological Survey. July 16, 1998. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  22. ^ Burnett, John (September 14, 2018). "National Park Service acquires 'Great Crack Property' in foreclosure sale". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  23. ^ Owen, Susan; Segal, Paul; Freymueller, Jeff; et al. (1995). "Rapid Deformation of the South Flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii". Science. 267 (5202): 1328–32. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1328O. doi:10.1126/science.267.5202.1328. PMID 17812606. S2CID 30320632. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  24. ^ Morgan, J. K.; Moore, G. F.; Clague, D. A. (2003). "Slope failure and volcanic spreading along the submarine south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B9): 2415. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2415M. doi:10.1029/2003JB002411.
  25. ^ "Hawaiian Landslides – Slope failure on Kilauea's submarine south flank (Subsection)". Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  26. ^ "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory". United States Geological Survey. October 26, 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  27. ^ Walter C. Dudley (1998). Tsunami! (second ed.). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 222–24. ISBN 978-0-8248-1969-9.
  28. ^ Pararas-Carayannis, George. "Hawaii – Earthquake and Tsunami of 29 November 1975 in the Hawaiian Islands". drgeorgepc.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017.
  29. ^ "April 1, 1946: Have we learned enough since tsunami that killed 159 in Hawai'i?". the.honoluluadvertiser.com. The Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016.
  30. ^ Nakaso, Dan (March 14, 2011). "Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions". Star Advertiser. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  31. ^ "King Kamehameha Hotel is new and improved after last year's tsunami". KHON2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  32. ^ "Tsunami damage forces closing of Kona Village Resort". Archived from the original on January 1, 2017.
  33. ^ "Kilauea volcano in Hawaii could erupt after hundreds of small earthquakes". CBS News. May 2, 2018. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  34. ^ "Ige signs emergency proclamation following Leilani lava eruption". hawaiitribune-herald.com. Hawaii Tribune-Herald. May 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  35. ^ "Overnight, earthquakes and lava become the new norm on Hawaii island". May 3, 2018. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  36. ^ "M 6.9 – 16 km SW of Leilani Estates, Hawaii". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  37. ^ Armstrong, Jason (January 2, 2019). "The VOG is Gone for the First Time in Decades". The Civil Beat. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  38. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Volcanic Smog (Vog)". Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2009. on USGS web site. U.S. Geological Service. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  39. ^ "Hawaiian Volcano Observatory". Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2015. on USGS web site.
  40. ^ "AirNow". Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015. on "Airnow" US Government web site.
  41. ^ "David y. Ige". Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2015. on State of Hawaii Office of the Governor web site.
  42. ^ Goldberg, Carey (August 9, 1996). "As Sugar Fades Hawaii Seeks a New Cash Crop". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  43. ^ Cultra, Shane. "The Importance of Island Ecotourism in Hawaii | bigisland.org". Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  44. ^ Chadwick, Arthur (April 24, 2015). "How Hawaii became known as 'Orchid Isle'". Winston-Salem Journal. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  45. ^ "Maunakea Observatories – a collaboration of independent institutions with telescopes located on Maunakea". Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  46. ^ Ordonio, Cassie (September 22, 2022). "New Mauna Kea Stewards Will Need To Balance Astronomy And Cultural Values". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  47. ^ "Economic Impact of the Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii Authority Tenants on the State of Hawaii" (PDF). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization (UHERO). May 18, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  48. ^ "Maps". Big Island Magazine. Archived from the original on November 7, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  49. ^ "Hele-On Bus website". Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  50. ^ "List of cruise ships that visit Kailua Kona". lovebigisland. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  51. ^ "List of cruise ships that visit Hilo". lovebigisland. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  52. ^ "Hawaii: Image of the Day". January 29, 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
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