The Bima language, or Bimanese (Bima: Nggahi Mbojo, Indonesian: Bahasa Bima), is an Austronesian language spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, which it shares with speakers of the Sumbawa language. Bima territory includes the Sanggar Peninsula, where the extinct Papuan language Tambora was once spoken. Bima is an exonym; the autochthonous name for the territory is Mbojo and the language is referred to as Nggahi Mbojo. There are over half a million Bima speakers. Neither the Bima nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own for they use the alphabets of the Bugis and the Malay language indifferently.[2]
| Bima | |
|---|---|
| Nggahi Mbojo | |
 Aksara Mbojo in Bima (Mbojo) script | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumbawa |
| Ethnicity | Bimanese |
Native speakers | (500,000 cited 1989)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin, Lontara script (Mbojo variant) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bhp |
| Glottolog | bima1247 |
| ELP | Bima |
Classification
editLong thought to be closely related to the languages of Sumba Island to the southeast, this assumption has been refuted by Blust (2008), which makes Bima a primary branch within the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup.[3]
Distribution
editBima is primarily spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island in Indonesia. It also spoken in the Banta, Sangeang, and Komodo islands.[4]
Dialects
editAccording to Ethnologue, dialects of the language include Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, and Mbojo.
Donggo, spoken in mountainous regions to the west of Bima Bay, such as in Doro Ntika of the Doro Oromboha area, is closely related to the main dialect of Bima. It is spoken by about 25,000 people who were formerly primarily Christians and animists; many have converted to Islam, mostly as a result of intermarriages.[5]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | h | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Vowels /i e o u/ can have shortened allophones as [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ].[6]
References
edit- ^ Bima at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Prichard, J. C. (1874). Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. Vol. 5: Containing Researches Into the History of the Oceanic and of the American Nations. London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper. ASIN B0041T3N9G.
- ^ Blust, R. (2008). "Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?". Oceanic Linguistics. 47 (1): 45–113. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0006. JSTOR 20172340. S2CID 144311741.
- ^ Ethnologue
- ^ Just, P. (2001). Dou Donggo Justice: Conflict and Morality in an Indonesian Society. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
- ^ Tama, I Wayan; Sukayana, I Nengah; Partami, Ni Luh; Z.M., Hamidsyukrie (1996). Fonologi Bahasa Bima. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Further reading
edit- Jonker, J. C. G. (1893). Bimaneesche Texten [Bima Texts] (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.
- Jonker, J. C. G. (1896a). Bimaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek [Bima-Dutch Dictionary] (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.
- Jonker, J. C. G. (1896b). Bimaneesche Spraakkunst [A Grammar of Bima] (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.
External links
edit
- Paradisec has a collection of open access recordings of Bima from a 2005 language documentation class, as well as some recordings from Robert Blust.
- Kaipuleohone also has an open-access collection of Robert Blust's materials including a recording of Bima.
- https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22150-biima-script.pdf
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