Wikipedia

Biomimetics

(Redirected from Biomimetic)

Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems.[2][3][4] The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from Ancient Greek: βίος (bios), life, and μίμησις (mīmēsis), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι (mīmeisthai), to imitate, from μῖμος (mimos), actor. A closely related field is bionics.[5]

burr
velcro tape
The tiny hooks on bur fruits (left) inspired Velcro tape (right).
Giant axons of the longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) were crucial for scientists to understand the action potential.[1]

Nature has gone through evolution over the 3.8 billion years since life is estimated to have appeared on the Earth.[6] It has evolved species with high performance using commonly found materials. Surfaces of solids interact with other surfaces and the environment and derive the properties of materials. Biological materials are highly organized from the molecular to the nano-, micro-, and macroscales, often in a hierarchical manner with intricate nanoarchitecture that ultimately makes up a myriad of different functional elements.[7] Properties of materials and surfaces result from a complex interplay between surface structure and morphology and physical and chemical properties. Many materials, surfaces, and objects in general provide multifunctionality.

Various materials, structures, and devices have been fabricated for commercial interest by engineers, material scientists, chemists, and biologists, and for beauty, structure, and design by artists and architects. Nature has solved engineering problems such as self-healing abilities, environmental exposure tolerance and resistance, hydrophobicity, self-assembly, and harnessing solar energy. Economic impact of bioinspired materials and surfaces is significant, on the order of several hundred billion dollars per year worldwide.

History

edit

One of the early examples of biomimicry was the study of birds to enable human flight. Although never successful in creating a "flying machine", Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was a keen observer of the anatomy and flight of birds, and made numerous notes and sketches on his observations as well as sketches of "flying machines".[8] The Wright Brothers, who succeeded in flying the first heavier-than-air aircraft in 1903, allegedly derived inspiration from observations of pigeons in flight.[9]

 
Leonardo da Vinci's design for a flying machine with wings based closely upon the structure of bat wings

During the 1950s the American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt developed the concept of "biomimetics".[10] During his doctoral research he developed the Schmitt trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the biological system of nerve propagation.[11] He continued to focus on devices that mimic natural systems and by 1957 he had perceived a converse to the standard view of biophysics at that time, a view he would come to call biomimetics.[10]

Biophysics is not so much a subject matter as it is a point of view. It is an approach to problems of biological science utilizing the theory and technology of the physical sciences. Conversely, biophysics is also a biologist's approach to problems of physical science and engineering, although this aspect has largely been neglected.

— Otto Herbert Schmitt, In Appreciation, A Lifetime of Connections[12]

In 1960 Jack E. Steele coined a similar term, bionics, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, where Otto Schmitt also worked. Steele defined bionics as "the science of systems which have some function copied from nature, or which represent characteristics of natural systems or their analogues".[5][13] During a later meeting in 1963 Schmitt stated,

Let us consider what bionics has come to mean operationally and what it or some word like it (I prefer biomimetics) ought to mean in order to make good use of the technical skills of scientists specializing, or rather, I should say, despecializing into this area of research.

— Otto Herbert Schmitt, In Appreciation, A Lifetime of Connections: Otto Herbert Schmitt, 1913 - 1998

In 1969, Schmitt used the term "biomimetic" in the title one of his papers,[14] and by 1974 it had found its way into Webster's Dictionary. Bionics entered the same dictionary earlier in 1960 as "a science concerned with the application of data about the functioning of biological systems to the solution of engineering problems". Bionic took on a different connotation when Martin Caidin referenced Jack Steele and his work in the novel Cyborg which later resulted in the 1974 television series The Six Million Dollar Man and its spin-offs. The term bionic then became associated with "the use of electronically operated artificial body parts" and "having ordinary human powers increased by or as if by the aid of such devices".[15] Because the term bionic took on the implication of supernatural strength, the scientific community in English speaking countries largely abandoned it.[16]

The term biomimicry appeared as early as 1982.[17] Biomimicry was popularized by scientist and author Janine Benyus in her 1997 book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Biomimicry is defined in the book as a "new science that studies nature's models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems". Benyus suggests looking to Nature as a "Model, Measure, and Mentor" and emphasizes sustainability as an objective of biomimicry.[18]

One of the latest examples of biomimicry has been created by Johannes-Paul Fladerer and Ernst Kurzmann by the description of "managemANT".[19] This term (a combination of the words "management" and "ant"), describes the usage of behavioural strategies of ants in economic and management strategies.[20] The potential long-term impacts of biomimicry were quantified in a 2013 Fermanian Business & Economic Institute Report commissioned by the San Diego Zoo. The findings demonstrated the potential economic and environmental benefits of biomimicry, which can be further seen in Johannes-Paul Fladerer and Ernst Kurzmann's "managemANT" approach. This approach utilizes the behavioral strategies of ants in economic and management strategies.[21]

Bio-inspired technologies

edit

Biomimetics could in principle be applied in many fields. Because of the diversity and complexity of biological systems, the number of features that might be imitated is large. Biomimetic applications are at various stages of development from technologies that might become commercially usable to prototypes.[4] Murray's law, which in conventional form determined the optimum diameter of blood vessels, has been re-derived to provide simple equations for the pipe or tube diameter which gives a minimum mass engineering system.[22]

Locomotion

edit
 
 
The streamlined design of Shinkansen 500 Series (left) mimics the beak of a Kingfisher bird (right) to improve aerodynamics.

Aircraft wing design[23] and flight techniques[24] are being inspired by birds and bats. The aerodynamics of streamlined design of improved Japanese high speed train Shinkansen 500 Series were modelled after the beak of Kingfisher bird.[25]

Biorobots based on the physiology and methods of locomotion of animals include BionicKangaroo which moves like a kangaroo, saving energy from one jump and transferring it to its next jump;[26] Kamigami Robots, a children's toy, mimic cockroach locomotion to run quickly and efficiently over indoor and outdoor surfaces,[27] and Pleobot, a shrimp-inspired robot to study metachronal swimming and the ecological impacts of this propulsive gait on the environment.[28]

Biomimetic flying robots (BFRs)

edit
 
Flapping wing BFR in motion

BFRs take inspiration from flying mammals, birds, or insects. BFRs can have flapping wings, which generate the lift and thrust, or they can be propeller actuated. BFRs with flapping wings have increased stroke efficiencies, increased maneuverability, and reduced energy consumption in comparison to propeller actuated BFRs.[29] Mammal and bird inspired BFRs share similar flight characteristics and design considerations. For instance, both mammal and bird inspired BFRs minimize edge fluttering and pressure-induced wingtip curl by increasing the rigidity of the wing edge and wingtips. Mammal and insect inspired BFRs can be impact resistant, making them useful in cluttered environments.

Mammal inspired BFRs typically take inspiration from bats, but the flying squirrel has also inspired a prototype.[30] Examples of bat inspired BFRs include Bat Bot[31] and the DALER.[32] Mammal inspired BFRs can be designed to be multi-modal; therefore, they're capable of both flight and terrestrial movement. To reduce the impact of landing, shock absorbers can be implemented along the wings.[32] Alternatively, the BFR can pitch up and increase the amount of drag it experiences.[30] By increasing the drag force, the BFR will decelerate and minimize the impact upon grounding. Different land gait patterns can also be implemented.[30]

 
Dragonfly inspired BFR.

Bird inspired BFRs can take inspiration from raptors, gulls, and everything in-between. Bird inspired BFRs can be feathered to increase the angle of attack range over which the prototype can operate before stalling.[33] The wings of bird inspired BFRs allow for in-plane deformation, and the in-plane wing deformation can be adjusted to maximize flight efficiency depending on the flight gait.[33] An example of a raptor inspired BFR is the prototype by Savastano et al.[34] The prototype has fully deformable flapping wings and is capable of carrying a payload of up to 0.8 kg while performing a parabolic climb, steep descent, and rapid recovery. The gull inspired prototype by Grant et al. accurately mimics the elbow and wrist rotation of gulls, and they find that lift generation is maximized when the elbow and wrist deformations are opposite but equal.[35]

Insect inspired BFRs typically take inspiration from beetles or dragonflies. An example of a beetle inspired BFR is the prototype by Phan and Park,[36] and a dragonfly inspired BFR is the prototype by Hu et al.[37] The flapping frequency of insect inspired BFRs are much higher than those of other BFRs; this is because of the aerodynamics of insect flight.[38] Insect inspired BFRs are much smaller than those inspired by mammals or birds, so they are more suitable for dense environments. The prototype by Phan and Park took inspiration from the rhinoceros beetle, so it can successfully continue flight even after a collision by deforming its hindwings.

Biomimetic architecture

edit

Living beings have adapted to a constantly changing environment during evolution through mutation, recombination, and selection.[39] The core idea of the biomimetic philosophy is that nature's inhabitants including animals, plants, and microbes have the most experience in solving problems and have already found the most appropriate ways to last on planet Earth.[40] Similarly, biomimetic architecture seeks solutions for building sustainability present in nature. While nature serves as a model, there are few examples of biomimetic architecture that aim to be nature positive.[41]

The 21st century has seen a ubiquitous waste of energy due to inefficient building designs, in addition to the over-utilization of energy during the operational phase of its life cycle.[42] In parallel, recent advancements in fabrication techniques, computational imaging, and simulation tools have opened up new possibilities to mimic nature across different architectural scales.[39] As a result, there has been a rapid growth in devising innovative design approaches and solutions to counter energy problems. Biomimetic architecture is one of these multi-disciplinary approaches to sustainable design that follows a set of principles rather than stylistic codes, going beyond using nature as inspiration for the aesthetic components of built form but instead seeking to use nature to solve problems of the building's functioning and saving energy.

Characteristics

edit

The term biomimetic architecture refers to the study and application of construction principles which are found in natural environments and species, and are translated into the design of sustainable solutions for architecture.[39] Biomimetic architecture uses nature as a model, measure and mentor for providing architectural solutions across scales, which are inspired by natural organisms that have solved similar problems in nature. Using nature as a measure refers to using an ecological standard of measuring sustainability, and efficiency of man-made innovations, while the term mentor refers to learning from natural principles and using biology as an inspirational source.[18]

Biomorphic architecture, also referred to as bio-decoration,[39] on the other hand, refers to the use of formal and geometric elements found in nature, as a source of inspiration for aesthetic properties in designed architecture, and may not necessarily have non-physical, or economic functions. A historic example of biomorphic architecture dates back to Egyptian, Greek and Roman cultures, using tree and plant forms in the ornamentation of structural columns.[43]

Procedures

edit

Within biomimetic architecture, two basic procedures can be identified, namely, the bottom-up approach (biology push) and top-down approach (technology pull).[44] The boundary between the two approaches is blurry with the possibility of transition between the two, depending on each individual case. Biomimetic architecture is typically carried out in interdisciplinary teams in which biologists and other natural scientists work in collaboration with engineers, material scientists, architects, designers, mathematicians and computer scientists.

In the bottom-up approach, the starting point is a new result from basic biological research promising for biomimetic implementation. For example, developing a biomimetic material system after the quantitative analysis of the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of a biological system.

In the top-down approach, biomimetic innovations are sought for already existing developments that have been successfully established on the market. The cooperation focuses on the improvement or further development of an existing product.

Examples

edit

Researchers studied the termite's ability to maintain virtually constant temperature and humidity in their termite mounds in Africa despite outside temperatures that vary from 1.5 to 40 °C (34.7 to 104.0 °F). Researchers initially scanned a termite mound and created 3-D images of the mound structure, which revealed construction that could influence human building design. The Eastgate Centre, a mid-rise office complex in Harare, Zimbabwe,[45] stays cool via a passive cooling architecture that uses only 10% of the energy of a conventional building of the same size.

 
A Waagner-Biro double-skin facade being assembled at One Angel Square, Manchester. The brown outer facade can be seen being assembled to the inner white facade via struts. These struts create a walkway between both 'skins' for ventilation, solar shading and maintenance.

Researchers in the Sapienza University of Rome were inspired by the natural ventilation in termite mounds and designed a double façade that significantly cuts down over lit areas in a building. Scientists have imitated the porous nature of mound walls by designing a facade with double panels that was able to reduce heat gained by radiation and increase heat loss by convection in cavity between the two panels. The overall cooling load on the building's energy consumption was reduced by 15%.[46]

A similar inspiration was drawn from the porous walls of termite mounds to design a naturally ventilated façade with a small ventilation gap. This design of façade is able to induce air flow due to the Venturi effect and continuously circulates rising air in the ventilation slot. Significant transfer of heat between the building's external wall surface and the air flowing over it was observed.[47] The design is coupled with greening of the façade. Green wall facilitates additional natural cooling via evaporation, respiration and transpiration in plants. The damp plant substrate further support the cooling effect.[48]

 
Sepiolite in solid form

Scientists in Shanghai University were able to replicate the complex microstructure of clay-made conduit network in the mound to mimic the excellent humidity control in mounds. They proposed a porous humidity control material (HCM) using sepiolite and calcium chloride with water vapor adsorption-desorption content at 550 grams per meter squared. Calcium chloride is a desiccant and improves the water vapor adsorption-desorption property of the Bio-HCM. The proposed bio-HCM has a regime of interfiber mesopores which acts as a mini reservoir. The flexural strength of the proposed material was estimated to be 10.3 MPa using computational simulations.[49][50]

In structural engineering, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) has incorporated biomimetic characteristics in an adaptive deployable "tensegrity" bridge. The bridge can carry out self-diagnosis and self-repair.[51] The arrangement of leaves on a plant has been adapted for better solar power collection.[52]

Analysis of the elastic deformation happening when a pollinator lands on the sheath-like perch part of the flower Strelitzia reginae (known as bird-of-paradise flower) has inspired architects and scientists from the University of Freiburg and University of Stuttgart to create hingeless shading systems that can react to their environment. These bio-inspired products are sold under the name Flectofin.[53][54]

Other hingeless bioinspired systems include Flectofold.[55] Flectofold has been inspired from the trapping system developed by the carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa.

Structural materials

edit

There is a great need for new structural materials that are light weight but offer exceptional combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness.

Such materials would need to be manufactured into bulk materials with complex shapes at high volume and low cost and would serve a variety of fields such as construction, transportation, energy storage and conversion.[56] In a classic design problem, strength and toughness are more likely to be mutually exclusive, i.e., strong materials are brittle and tough materials are weak. However, natural materials with complex and hierarchical material gradients that span from nano- to macro-scales are both strong and tough. Generally, most natural materials utilize limited chemical components but complex material architectures that give rise to exceptional mechanical properties. Understanding the highly diverse and multi functional biological materials and discovering approaches to replicate such structures will lead to advanced and more efficient technologies. Bone, nacre (abalone shell), teeth, the dactyl clubs of stomatopod shrimps and bamboo are great examples of damage tolerant materials.[57] The exceptional resistance to fracture of bone is due to complex deformation and toughening mechanisms that operate at spanning different size scales — nanoscale structure of protein molecules to macroscopic physiological scale.[58]

 
Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre

Nacre exhibits similar mechanical properties however with rather simpler structure. Nacre shows a brick and mortar like structure with thick mineral layer (0.2–0.9 μm) of closely packed aragonite structures and thin organic matrix (~20 nm).[59] While thin films and micrometer sized samples that mimic these structures are already produced, successful production of bulk biomimetic structural materials is yet to be realized. However, numerous processing techniques have been proposed for producing nacre like materials.[57] Pavement cells, epidermal cells on the surface of plant leaves and petals, often form wavy interlocking patterns resembling jigsaw puzzle pieces and are shown to enhance the fracture toughness of leaves, key to plant survival.[60] Their pattern, replicated in laser-engraved Poly(methyl methacrylate) samples, was also demonstrated to lead to increased fracture toughness. It is suggested that the arrangement and patterning of cells play a role in managing crack propagation in tissues.[60]

Biomorphic mineralization is a technique that produces materials with morphologies and structures resembling those of natural living organisms by using bio-structures as templates for mineralization. Compared to other methods of material production, biomorphic mineralization is facile, environmentally benign and economic.[61]

Freeze casting (ice templating), an inexpensive method to mimic natural layered structures, was employed by researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to create alumina-Al-Si and IT HAP-epoxy layered composites that match the mechanical properties of bone with an equivalent mineral/organic content.[62] Various further studies[63][64][65][66] also employed similar methods to produce high strength and high toughness composites involving a variety of constituent phases.

Recent studies demonstrated production of cohesive and self supporting macroscopic tissue constructs that mimic living tissues by printing tens of thousands of heterologous picoliter droplets in software-defined, 3D millimeter-scale geometries.[67] Efforts are also taken up to mimic the design of nacre in artificial composite materials using fused deposition modelling[68] and the helicoidal structures of stomatopod clubs in the fabrication of high performance carbon fiber-epoxy composites.[69]

Various established and novel additive manufacturing technologies like PolyJet printing, direct ink writing, 3D magnetic printing, multi-material magnetically assisted 3D printing and magnetically assisted slip casting have also been utilized to mimic the complex micro-scale architectures of natural materials and provide huge scope for future research.[70][71][72]

Spider silk is tougher than Kevlar used in bulletproof vests.[73] Engineers could in principle use such a material, if it could be reengineered to have a long enough life, for parachute lines, suspension bridge cables, artificial ligaments for medicine, and other purposes.[18] The self-sharpening teeth of many animals have been copied to make better cutting tools.[74]

New ceramics that exhibit giant electret hysteresis have also been realized.[75]

Neuronal computers

edit

Neuromorphic computers and sensors are electrical devices that copy the structure and function of biological neurons in order to compute. One example of this is the event camera in which only the pixels that receive a new signal update to a new state. All other pixels do not update until a signal is received.[76]

Self healing-materials

edit

In some biological systems, self-healing occurs via chemical releases at the site of fracture, which initiate a systemic response to transport repairing agents to the fracture site. This promotes autonomic healing.[77] To demonstrate the use of micro-vascular networks for autonomic healing, researchers developed a microvascular coating–substrate architecture that mimics human skin.[78] Bio-inspired self-healing structural color hydrogels that maintain the stability of an inverse opal structure and its resultant structural colors were developed.[79] A self-repairing membrane inspired by rapid self-sealing processes in plants was developed for inflatable lightweight structures such as rubber boats or Tensairity constructions. The researchers applied a thin soft cellular polyurethane foam coating on the inside of a fabric substrate, which closes the crack if the membrane is punctured with a spike.[80] Self-healing materials, polymers and composite materials capable of mending cracks have been produced based on biological materials.[81]

The self-healing properties may also be achieved by the breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds upon cyclical stress of the material.[82]

Surfaces

edit

Surfaces that recreate the properties of shark skin are intended to enable more efficient movement through water. Efforts have been made to produce fabric that emulates shark skin.[22][83]

Surface tension biomimetics are being researched for technologies such as hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings and microactuators.[84][85][86][87][88]

Adhesion

edit

Wet adhesion

edit

Some amphibians, such as tree and torrent frogs and arboreal salamanders, are able to attach to and move over wet or even flooded environments without falling. This kind of organisms have toe pads which are permanently wetted by mucus secreted from glands that open into the channels between epidermal cells. They attach to mating surfaces by wet adhesion and they are capable of climbing on wet rocks even when water is flowing over the surface.[4] Tire treads have also been inspired by the toe pads of tree frogs.[89] 3D printed hierarchical surface models, inspired from tree and torrent frogs toe pad design, have been observed to produce better wet traction than conventional tire design.[90]

Marine mussels can stick easily and efficiently to surfaces underwater under the harsh conditions of the ocean. Mussels use strong filaments to adhere to rocks in the inter-tidal zones of wave-swept beaches, preventing them from being swept away in strong sea currents. Mussel foot proteins attach the filaments to rocks, boats and practically any surface in nature including other mussels. These proteins contain a mix of amino acid residues which has been adapted specifically for adhesive purposes. Researchers from the University of California Santa Barbara borrowed and simplified chemistries that the mussel foot uses to overcome this engineering challenge of wet adhesion to create copolyampholytes,[91] and one-component adhesive systems[92] with potential for employment in nanofabrication protocols. Other research has proposed adhesive glue from mussels.

Dry adhesion

edit

Leg attachment pads of several animals, including many insects (e.g., beetles and flies), spiders and lizards (e.g., geckos), are capable of attaching to a variety of surfaces and are used for locomotion, even on vertical walls or across ceilings. Attachment systems in these organisms have similar structures at their terminal elements of contact, known as setae. Such biological examples have offered inspiration in order to produce climbing robots,[citation needed] boots and tape.[93] Synthetic setae have also been developed for the production of dry adhesives.

Liquid repellency

edit

Superliquiphobicity refers to a remarkable surface property where a solid surface exhibits an extreme aversion to liquids, causing droplets to bead up and roll off almost instantaneously upon contact. This behavior arises from intricate surface textures and interactions at the nanoscale, effectively preventing liquids from wetting or adhering to the surface. The term "superliquiphobic" is derived from "superhydrophobic," which describes surfaces highly resistant to water. Superliquiphobic surfaces go beyond water repellency and display repellent characteristics towards a wide range of liquids, including those with very low surface tension or containing surfactants.[2][94]

Superliquiphobicity, a remarkable phenomenon, emerges when a solid surface possesses minute roughness, forming interfaces with droplets through wetting while altering contact angles. This behavior hinges on the roughness factor (Rf), defining the ratio of solid-liquid area to its projection, influencing contact angles. On rough surfaces, non-wetting liquids give rise to composite solid-liquid-air interfaces, their contact angles determined by the distribution of wet and air-pocket areas. The achievement of superliquiphobicity involves increasing the fractional flat geometrical area (fLA) and Rf, leading to surfaces that actively repel liquids.[95][96]

The inspiration for crafting such surfaces draws from nature's ingenuity, prominently illustrated by the renowned "lotus effect". Leaves of water-repellent plants, like the lotus, exhibit inherent hierarchical structures featuring nanoscale wax-coated formations.[97][98] These structures lead to superhydrophobicity, where water droplets perch on trapped air bubbles, resulting in high contact angles and minimal contact angle hysteresis. This natural example guides the development of superliquiphobic surfaces, capitalizing on re-entrant geometries that can repel low surface tension liquids and achieve near-zero contact angles.[99]

Creating superliquiphobic surfaces involves pairing re-entrant geometries with low surface energy materials, such as fluorinated substances. These geometries include overhangs that widen beneath the surface, enabling repellency even for minimal contact angles. Researchers have successfully fabricated various re-entrant geometries, offering a pathway for practical applications in diverse fields. These surfaces find utility in self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-fogging, antifouling, and more, presenting innovative solutions to challenges in biomedicine, desalination, and energy conversion.

In essence, superliquiphobicity, inspired by natural models like the lotus leaf, capitalizes on re-entrant geometries and surface properties to create interfaces that actively repel liquids. These surfaces hold immense promise across a range of applications, promising enhanced functionality and performance in various technological and industrial contexts.

Optics

edit
Further information: Structural coloration, Patterns in nature, and Bio-inspired photonics

Biomimetic materials are gaining increasing attention in the field of optics and photonics. There are still little known bioinspired or biomimetic products involving the photonic properties of plants or animals. However, understanding how nature designed such optical materials from biological resources is a current field of research.

 
Macroscopic picture of a film of cellulose nanocrystal suspension cast on a Petri dish (diameter: 3.5cm)

Inspiration from fruits and plants

edit

One source of biomimetic inspiration is from plants. Plants have proven to be concept generations for the following functions; re(action)-coupling, self (adaptability), self-repair, and energy-autonomy. As plants do not have a centralized decision making unit (i.e. a brain), most plants have a decentralized autonomous system in various organs and tissues of the plant. Therefore, they react to multiple stimulus such as light, heat, and humidity.[100]

One example is the carnivorous plant species Dionaea muscipula (Venus flytrap). For the last 25 years, there has been research focus on the motion principles of the plant to develop AVFT (artificial Venus flytrap robots). Through the movement during prey capture, the plant inspired soft robotic motion systems. The fast snap buckling (within 100–300 ms) of the trap closure movement is initiated when prey triggers the hairs of the plant within a certain time (twice within 20 s). AVFT systems exist, in which the trap closure movements are actuated via magnetism, electricity, pressurized air, and temperature changes.[100]

Another example of mimicking plants, is the Pollia condensata, also known as the marble berry. The chiral self-assembly of cellulose inspired by the Pollia condensata berry has been exploited to make optically active films.[101][102] Such films are made from cellulose which is a biodegradable and biobased resource obtained from wood or cotton. The structural colours can potentially be everlasting and have more vibrant colour than the ones obtained from chemical absorption of light. Pollia condensata is not the only fruit showing a structural coloured skin; iridescence is also found in berries of other species such as Margaritaria nobilis.[103] These fruits show iridescent colors in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum which gives the fruit a strong metallic and shiny visual appearance.[104] The structural colours come from the organisation of cellulose chains in the fruit's epicarp, a part of the fruit skin.[104] Each cell of the epicarp is made of a multilayered envelope that behaves like a Bragg reflector. However, the light which is reflected from the skin of these fruits is not polarised unlike the one arising from man-made replicates obtained from the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals into helicoids, which only reflect left-handed circularly polarised light.[105]

The fruit of Elaeocarpus angustifolius also show structural colour that come arises from the presence of specialised cells called iridosomes which have layered structures.[104] Similar iridosomes have also been found in Delarbrea michieana fruits.[104]

In plants, multi layer structures can be found either at the surface of the leaves (on top of the epidermis), such as in Selaginella willdenowii[104] or within specialized intra-cellular organelles, the so-called iridoplasts, which are located inside the cells of the upper epidermis.[104] For instance, the rain forest plants Begonia pavonina have iridoplasts located inside the epidermal cells.[104]

Structural colours have also been found in several algae, such as in the red alga Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss).[106]

Inspiration from animals

edit
 
The vibrant blue color of Morpho butterfly due to structural coloration has been mimicked by a variety of technologies.

Structural coloration produces the rainbow colours of soap bubbles, butterfly wings and many beetle scales.[107][108] Phase-separation has been used to fabricate ultra-white scattering membranes from polymethylmethacrylate, mimicking the beetle Cyphochilus.[109] LED lights can be designed to mimic the patterns of scales on fireflies' abdomens, improving their efficiency.[110]

Morpho butterfly wings are structurally coloured to produce a vibrant blue that does not vary with angle.[111] This effect can be mimicked by a variety of technologies.[112] Lotus Cars claim to have developed a paint that mimics the Morpho butterfly's structural blue colour.[113] In 2007, Qualcomm commercialised an interferometric modulator display technology, "Mirasol", using Morpho-like optical interference.[114] In 2010, the dressmaker Donna Sgro made a dress from Teijin Fibers' Morphotex, an undyed fabric woven from structurally coloured fibres, mimicking the microstructure of Morpho butterfly wing scales.[115][116][117][118][119]

Canon Inc.'s SubWavelength structure Coating uses wedge-shaped structures the size of the wavelength of visible light. The wedge-shaped structures cause a continuously changing refractive index as light travels through the coating, significantly reducing lens flare. This imitates the structure of a moth's eye.[120][121] Notable figures such as the Wright Brothers and Leonardo da Vinci attempted to replicate the flight observed in birds.[122] In an effort to reduce aircraft noise researchers have looked to the leading edge of owl feathers, which have an array of small finlets or rachis adapted to disperse aerodynamic pressure and provide nearly silent flight to the bird.[123]

Agricultural systems

edit

Holistic planned grazing, using fencing and/or herders, seeks to restore grasslands by carefully planning movements of large herds of livestock to mimic the vast herds found in nature. The natural system being mimicked and used as a template is grazing animals concentrated by pack predators that must move on after eating, trampling, and manuring an area, and returning only after it has fully recovered. Its founder Allan Savory and some others have claimed potential in building soil,[124] increasing biodiversity, and reversing desertification.[125] However, many researchers have disputed Savory's claim. Studies have often found that the method increases desertification instead of reducing it.[126][127]

Other uses

edit

Some air conditioning systems use biomimicry in their fans to increase airflow while reducing power consumption.[128][129]

Technologists like Jas Johl have speculated that the functionality of vacuole cells could be used to design highly adaptable security systems.[130] "The functionality of a vacuole, a biological structure that guards and promotes growth, illuminates the value of adaptability as a guiding principle for security." The functions and significance of vacuoles are fractal in nature, the organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the requirements of the cell. Vacuoles not only isolate threats, contain what's necessary, export waste, maintain pressure—they also help the cell scale and grow. Johl argues these functions are necessary for any security system design.[130] The 500 Series Shinkansen used biomimicry to reduce energy consumption and noise levels while increasing passenger comfort.[131] With reference to space travel, NASA and other firms have sought to develop swarm-type space drones inspired by bee behavioural patterns, and oxtapod terrestrial drones designed with reference to desert spiders.[132]

Other technologies

edit

Protein folding has been used to control material formation for self-assembled functional nanostructures.[133] Polar bear fur has inspired the design of thermal collectors and clothing.[134] The light refractive properties of the moth's eye has been studied to reduce the reflectivity of solar panels.[135]

 
Scanning electron micrograph of rod shaped tobacco mosaic virus particles

The Bombardier beetle's powerful repellent spray inspired a Swedish company to develop a "micro mist" spray technology, which is claimed to have a low carbon impact (compared to aerosol sprays). The beetle mixes chemicals and releases its spray via a steerable nozzle at the end of its abdomen, stinging and confusing the victim.[136]

Most viruses have an outer capsule 20 to 300 nm in diameter. Virus capsules are remarkably robust and capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 60 °C; they are stable across the pH range 2–10.[61] Viral capsules can be used to create nano device components such as nanowires, nanotubes, and quantum dots. Tubular virus particles such as the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) can be used as templates to create nanofibers and nanotubes, since both the inner and outer layers of the virus are charged surfaces which can induce nucleation of crystal growth. This was demonstrated through the production of platinum and gold nanotubes using TMV as a template.[137] Mineralized virus particles have been shown to withstand various pH values by mineralizing the viruses with different materials such as silicon, PbS, and CdS and could therefore serve as a useful carriers of material.[138] A spherical plant virus called cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) has interesting expanding properties when exposed to environments of pH higher than 6.5. Above this pH, 60 independent pores with diameters about 2 nm begin to exchange substance with the environment. The structural transition of the viral capsid can be utilized in Biomorphic mineralization for selective uptake and deposition of minerals by controlling the solution pH. Possible applications include using the viral cage to produce uniformly shaped and sized quantum dot semiconductor nanoparticles through a series of pH washes. This is an alternative to the apoferritin cage technique currently used to synthesize uniform CdSe nanoparticles.[139] Such materials could also be used for _targeted drug delivery since particles release contents upon exposure to specific pH levels.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Jennifer L. Hellier, ed. (2015). The brain, the nervous system, and their diseases. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 978-1-61069-337-0. OCLC 880809097.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b "Biomimetics". SpringerLink.
  3. ^ Vincent, Julian F. V.; et al. (22 August 2006). "Biomimetics: its practice and theory". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 3 (9): 471–482. doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0127. PMC 1664643. PMID 16849244.
  4. ^ a b c Bhushan, Bharat (15 March 2009). "Biomimetics: lessons from nature-an overview". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 367 (1893): 1445–1486. Bibcode:2009RSPTA.367.1445B. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0011. PMID 19324719. S2CID 25035953.
  5. ^ a b Mary McCarty. "Life of bionics founder a fine adventure". Dayton Daily News, 29 January 2009.
  6. ^ Gordon, J. E. The New Science of Strong Materials, or Why You Don't Fall Through the Floor (2nd ed.). London, U. K.: Pelican–Penguin.
  7. ^ Alberts, B; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Raff, M.; Roberts, K.; Walter, P. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science.
  8. ^ Romei, Francesca (2008). Leonardo Da Vinci. The Oliver Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-934545-00-3.
  9. ^ Compare: Howard, Fred (1998). Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. Dober Publications. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-486-40297-0. According to Wilbur, he and his brother discovered the birds' method of lateral control one day while observing a flight of pigeons. [...] 'Although we intently watched birds fly in a hope of learning something from them,' [Orville] wrote in 1941, 'I cannot think of anything that was first learned in that way.'
  10. ^ a b Vincent, Julian F.V.; Bogatyreva, Olga A.; Bogatyrev, Nikolaj R.; Bowyer, Adrian; Pahl, Anja-Karina (21 August 2006). "Biomimetics: its practice and theory". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 3 (9): 471–482. doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0127. PMC 1664643. PMID 16849244.
  11. ^ "Otto H. Schmitt, Como People of the Past". Connie Sullivan, Como History Article. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2012-09-25. He developed the trigger by studying the nerves in squid and trying to engineer a device that replicated the natural system by which squid nerves propagate.
  12. ^ In Appreciation, A Lifetime of Connections: Otto Herbert Schmitt, 1913 - 1998
  13. ^ Vincent, Julian F. V. (November 2009). "Biomimetics — a review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 223 (8): 919–939. doi:10.1243/09544119JEIM561. PMID 20092091. S2CID 21895651.
  14. ^ Schmitt O. Third Int. Biophysics Congress. 1969. Some interesting and useful biomimetic transforms. p. 297.
  15. ^ Soanes, Catherine; Hawker, Sara (2008). Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953296-4.
  16. ^ Vincent, JFV (2009). "Biomimetics — a review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 223 (8): 919–939. doi:10.1243/09544119JEIM561. PMID 20092091. S2CID 21895651.
  17. ^ Merrill, Connie Lange (1982). Biomimicry of the Dioxygen Active Site in the Copper Proteins Hemocyanin and Cytochrome Oxidase (PhD thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/15707.
  18. ^ a b c Benyus, Janine (1997). Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York, USA: William Morrow & Company. ISBN 978-0-688-16099-9.
  19. ^ Kurzmann, Ernst; Fladerer, Johannes-Paul (2017). ManagemANT Was Fach- und Führungskräfte von Ameisen lernen können (1. Auflage ed.). Frankfurter Allgemeine Buch. ISBN 9783956012082.
  20. ^ Fladerer, Johannes-Paul; Kurzmann, Ernst (November 2019). WISDOM OF THE MANY: how to create self -organisation and how to use collective... intelligence in companies and in society from mana. BOOKS ON DEMAND. ISBN 9783750422421.
  21. ^ Kennedy, Emily (2017). "Biomimicry: Design by Analogy to Biology". Research Technology Management. 60 (6): 51–56. doi:10.1080/08956308.2017.1373052.
  22. ^ a b Williams, Hugo R.; Trask, Richard S.; Weaver, Paul M.; Bond, Ian P. (2008). "Minimum mass vascular networks in multifunctional materials". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (18): 55–65. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1022. PMC 2605499. PMID 17426011.
  23. ^ The Engineer (31 March 2017). "The evolution of the aircraft wing". Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  24. ^ "Drone with legs can perch, watch and walk like a bird". Tech. New Scientist. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  25. ^ "How a kingfisher helped reshape Japan's bullet train". BBC. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  26. ^ Ackerman, Evan (2 Apr 2014). "Festo's Newest Robot Is a Hopping Bionic Kangaroo". IEEE. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 17 Apr 2014.
  27. ^ "Robotics Highlight: Kamigami Cockroach Inspired Robotics". CRA. 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
  28. ^ Oliveira Santos, Sara; Tack, Nils; Su, Yunxing; Cuenca-Jimenez, Francisco; Morales-Lopez, Oscar; Gomez-Valdez, P. Antonio; M Wilhelmus, Monica (June 13, 2023). "Pleobot: a modular robotic solution for metachronal swimming". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 9574. arXiv:2303.00805. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13.9574O. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36185-2. PMC 10264458. PMID 37311777. S2CID 257280019.
  29. ^ Zhang, Jun; Zhao, Ning; Qu, Feiyang (2022-11-15). "Bio-inspired flapping wing robots with foldable or deformable wings: a review". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 18 (1): 011002. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ac9ef5. ISSN 1748-3182. PMID 36317380. S2CID 253246037.
  30. ^ a b c Shin, Won Dong; Park, Jaejun; Park, Hae-Won (2019-09-01). "Development and experiments of a bio-inspired robot with multi-mode in aerial and terrestrial locomotion". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 14 (5): 056009. Bibcode:2019BiBi...14e6009S. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ab2ab7. ISSN 1748-3182. PMID 31212268. S2CID 195066183.
  31. ^ Ramezani, Alireza; Shi, Xichen; Chung, Soon-Jo; Hutchinson, Seth (May 2016). "Bat Bot (B2), a biologically inspired flying machine". 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). Stockholm, Sweden: IEEE. pp. 3219–3226. doi:10.1109/ICRA.2016.7487491. ISBN 978-1-4673-8026-3. S2CID 8581750.
  32. ^ a b Daler, Ludovic; Mintchev, Stefano; Stefanini, Cesare; Floreano, Dario (2015-01-19). "A bioinspired multi-modal flying and walking robot". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 10 (1): 016005. Bibcode:2015BiBi...10a6005D. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/10/1/016005. ISSN 1748-3190. PMID 25599118. S2CID 11132948.
  33. ^ a b Kilian, Lukas; Shahid, Farzeen; Zhao, Jing-Shan; Nayeri, Christian Navid (2022-07-01). "Bioinspired morphing wings: mechanical design and wind tunnel experiments". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 17 (4): 046019. Bibcode:2022BiBi...17d6019K. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ac72e1. ISSN 1748-3182. PMID 35609562. S2CID 249045806.
  34. ^ Savastano, E.; Perez-Sanchez, V.; Arrue, B.C.; Ollero, A. (July 2022). "High-Performance Morphing Wing for Large-Scale Bio-Inspired Unmanned Aerial Vehicles". IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 7 (3): 8076–8083. doi:10.1109/LRA.2022.3185389. ISSN 2377-3766. S2CID 250008824.
  35. ^ Grant, Daniel T.; Abdulrahim, Mujahid; Lind, Rick (June 2010). "Flight Dynamics of a Morphing Aircraft Utilizing Independent Multiple-Joint Wing Sweep". International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles. 2 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1260/1756-8293.2.2.91. ISSN 1756-8293. S2CID 110577545.
  36. ^ Phan, Hoang Vu; Park, Hoon Cheol (2020-12-04). "Mechanisms of collision recovery in flying beetles and flapping-wing robots". Science. 370 (6521): 1214–1219. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1214P. doi:10.1126/science.abd3285. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33273101. S2CID 227257247.
  37. ^ Hu, Zheng; McCauley, Raymond; Schaeffer, Steve; Deng, Xinyan (May 2009). "Aerodynamics of dragonfly flight and robotic design". 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. pp. 3061–3066. doi:10.1109/ROBOT.2009.5152760. ISBN 978-1-4244-2788-8. S2CID 12291429.
  38. ^ Balta, Miquel; Deb, Dipan; Taha, Haithem E (2021-10-26). "Flow visualization and force measurement of the clapping effect in bio-inspired flying robots". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 16 (6): 066020. Bibcode:2021BiBi...16f6020B. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ac2b00. ISSN 1748-3182. PMID 34584023. S2CID 238217893.
  39. ^ a b c d Knippers, Jan; Nickel, Klaus G.; Speck, Thomas, eds. (2016). Biomimetic research for architecture and building construction: biological design and integrative structures. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-46374-2. OCLC 967523159.
  40. ^ Collins, George R. (1963). "Antonio Gaudi: Structure and Form". Perspecta. 8: 63–90. doi:10.2307/1566905. ISSN 0079-0958. JSTOR 1566905.
  41. ^ "Urban Science". www.mdpi.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  42. ^ Radwan, Gehan.A.N.; Osama, Nouran (2016). "Biomimicry, an Approach, for Energy Effecient [sic] Building Skin Design". Procedia Environmental Sciences. 34: 178–189. Bibcode:2016PrEnS..34..178R. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.017.
  43. ^ Aziz, Moheb Sabry; El sherif, Amr Y. (March 2016). "Biomimicry as an approach for bio-inspired structure with the aid of computation". Alexandria Engineering Journal. 55 (1): 707–714. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.015.
  44. ^ Speck, Thomas; Speck, Olga (2019), Wegner, Lars H.; Lüttge, Ulrich (eds.), "Emergence in Biomimetic Materials Systems", Emergence and Modularity in Life Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–115, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06128-9_5, ISBN 978-3-030-06127-2, S2CID 139377667, retrieved 2020-11-23
  45. ^ "The Biomimicry Institute - Examples of nature-inspired sustainable design". Biomimicry Institute. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
  46. ^ El Ahmar, Salma & Fioravanti, Antonio. (2015). Biomimetic-Computational Design for Double Facades in Hot Climates: A Porous Folded Façade for Office Buildings.
  47. ^ Paar, Michael Johann; Petutschnigg, Alexander (8 July 2017). "Biomimetic inspired, natural ventilated façade – A conceptual study". Journal of Facade Design and Engineering. 4 (3–4): 131–142. doi:10.3233/FDE-171645.
  48. ^ Wong, Nyuk Hien; Kwang Tan, Alex Yong; Chen, Yu; Sekar, Kannagi; Tan, Puay Yok; Chan, Derek; Chiang, Kelly; Wong, Ngian Chung (March 2010). "Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls". Building and Environment. 45 (3): 663–672. Bibcode:2010BuEnv..45..663W. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.08.005.
  49. ^ Liu, Xiaopeng; Chen, Zhang; Yang, Guang; Gao, Yanfeng (2 April 2019). "Bioinspired Ant-Nest-Like Hierarchical Porous Material Using CaCl2 as Additive for Smart Indoor Humidity Control". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 58 (17): 7139–7145. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06092. S2CID 131825398.
  50. ^ Lan, Haoran; Jing, Zhenzi; Li, Jian; Miao, Jiajun; Chen, Yuqian (October 2017). "Influence of pore dimensions of materials on humidity self-regulating performances". Materials Letters. 204: 23–26. Bibcode:2017MatL..204...23L. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2017.05.095.
  51. ^ Korkmaz, Sinan; Bel Hadj Ali, Nizar; Smith, Ian F.C. (June 2011). "Determining control strategies for damage tolerance of an active tensegrity structure". Engineering Structures. 33 (6): 1930–1939. Bibcode:2011EngSt..33.1930K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.370.6243. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.031.
  52. ^ "The Secret of the Fibonacci Sequence in Trees". 2011 Winning Essays. American Museum of Natural History. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  53. ^ Lienhard, J; Schleicher, S; Poppinga, S; Masselter, T; Milwich, M; Speck, T; Knippers, J (2011-11-29). "Flectofin: a hingeless flapping mechanism inspired by nature". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 6 (4): 045001. Bibcode:2011BiBi....6d5001L. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/6/4/045001. ISSN 1748-3182. PMID 22126741. S2CID 41502774.
  54. ^ Jürgen Bertling (2012-05-15), Flectofin, archived from the original on 2021-12-11, retrieved 2019-06-27
  55. ^ Körner, A; Born, L; Mader, A; Sachse, R; Saffarian, S; Westermeier, A S; Poppinga, S; Bischoff, M; Gresser, G T (2017-12-12). "Flectofold—a biomimetic compliant shading device for complex free form facades". Smart Materials and Structures. 27 (1): 017001. doi:10.1088/1361-665x/aa9c2f. ISSN 0964-1726. S2CID 139146312.[permanent dead link‍]
  56. ^ Bio-Synthetic Hybrid Materials and Bionanoparticles, Editors: Alexander Boker, Patrick van Rijn, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2016, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78262-210-9
  57. ^ a b Wegst, Ulrike G. K.; Bai, Hao; Saiz, Eduardo; Tomsia, Antoni P.; Ritchie, Robert O. (2014-10-26). "Bioinspired structural materials". Nature Materials. 14 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1038/nmat4089. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 25344782. S2CID 1400303.
  58. ^ Launey, Maximilien E.; Buehler, Markus J.; Ritchie, Robert O. (June 2010). "On the Mechanistic Origins of Toughness in Bone". Annual Review of Materials Research. 40 (1): 25–53. Bibcode:2010AnRMS..40...25L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.208.4831. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104427. ISSN 1531-7331. S2CID 6552812.
  59. ^ Wang, Rizhi; Gupta, Himadri S. (2011-08-04). "Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms of Bone and Nacre". Annual Review of Materials Research. 41 (1): 41–73. Bibcode:2011AnRMS..41...41W. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-095806. ISSN 1531-7331.
  60. ^ a b Bidhendi, Amir J.; Lampron, Olivier; Gosselin, Frédérick P.; Geitmann, Anja (December 2023). "Cell geometry regulates tissue fracture". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 8275. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8275B. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44075-4. PMC 10719271. PMID 38092784.
  61. ^ a b Tong-Xiang, Suk-Kwun, Di Zhang. "Biomorphic Mineralization: From biology to materials." State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University, n.d. 545-1000.
  62. ^ Deville, Sylvain; Saiz, Eduardo; Nalla, Ravi K.; Tomsia, Antoni P. (2006-01-27). "Freezing as a Path to Build Complex Composites". Science. 311 (5760): 515–518. arXiv:1710.04167. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..515D. doi:10.1126/science.1120937. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16439659. S2CID 46118585.
  63. ^ Munch, E.; Launey, M. E.; Alsem, D. H.; Saiz, E.; Tomsia, A. P.; Ritchie, R. O. (2008-12-05). "Tough, Bio-Inspired Hybrid Materials". Science. 322 (5907): 1516–1520. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1516M. doi:10.1126/science.1164865. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19056979. S2CID 17009263.
  64. ^ Liu, Qiang; Ye, Feng; Gao, Ye; Liu, Shichao; Yang, Haixia; Zhou, Zhiqiang (February 2014). "Fabrication of a new SiC/2024Al co-continuous composite with lamellar microstructure and high mechanical properties". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 585: 146–153. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.09.140. ISSN 0925-8388.
  65. ^ Roy, Siddhartha; Butz, Benjamin; Wanner, Alexander (April 2010). "Damage evolution and domain-level anisotropy in metal/ceramic composites exhibiting lamellar microstructures". Acta Materialia. 58 (7): 2300–2312. Bibcode:2010AcMat..58.2300R. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.015. ISSN 1359-6454.
  66. ^ Bouville, Florian; Maire, Eric; Meille, Sylvain; Van de Moortèle, Bertrand; Stevenson, Adam J.; Deville, Sylvain (2014-03-23). "Strong, tough and stiff bioinspired ceramics from brittle constituents". Nature Materials. 13 (5): 508–514. arXiv:1506.08979. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..508B. doi:10.1038/nmat3915. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 24658117. S2CID 205409702.
  67. ^ Villar, Gabriel; Graham, Alexander D.; Bayley, Hagan (2013-04-05). "A Tissue-Like Printed Material". Science. 340 (6128): 48–52. Bibcode:2013Sci...340...48V. doi:10.1126/science.1229495. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3750497. PMID 23559243.
  68. ^ Espinosa, Horacio D.; Juster, Allison L.; Latourte, Felix J.; Loh, Owen Y.; Gregoire, David; Zavattieri, Pablo D. (2011-02-01). "Tablet-level origin of toughening in abalone shells and translation to synthetic composite materials". Nature Communications. 2 (1): 173. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..173E. doi:10.1038/ncomms1172. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 21285951.
  69. ^ Grunenfelder, L.K.; Suksangpanya, N.; Salinas, C.; Milliron, G.; Yaraghi, N.; Herrera, S.; Evans-Lutterodt, K.; Nutt, S.R.; Zavattieri, P.; Kisailus, D. (2014-09-01). "Bio-inspired impact-resistant composites". Acta Biomaterialia. 10 (9): 3997–4008. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.022. ISSN 1742-7061. PMID 24681369.
  70. ^ Das, Ratul; Ahmad, Zain; Nauruzbayeva, Jamilya; Mishra, Himanshu (13 May 2020). "Biomimetic Coating-free Superomniphobicity". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 7934. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.7934D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64345-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7221082. PMID 32404874.
  71. ^ Studart, André R. (2016). "Additive manufacturing of biologically-inspired materials". Chemical Society Reviews. 45 (2): 359–376. doi:10.1039/c5cs00836k. ISSN 0306-0012. PMID 26750617. S2CID 3218518.
  72. ^ Islam, Muhammed Kamrul; Hazell, Paul J.; Escobedo, Juan P.; Wang, Hongxu (July 2021). "Biomimetic armour design strategies for additive manufacturing: A review". Materials & Design. 205: 109730. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109730.
  73. ^ Gu, Yunqing; Yu, Lingzhi; Mou, Jiegang; Wu, Denghao; Zhou, Peijian; Xu, Maosen (2020-08-24). "Mechanical properties and application analysis of spider silk bionic material". E-Polymers. 20 (1): 443–457. doi:10.1515/epoly-2020-0049. ISSN 2197-4586. S2CID 221372172.
  74. ^ Killian, Christopher E. (2010). "Self-Sharpening Mechanism of the Sea Urchin Tooth". Advanced Functional Materials. 21 (4): 682–690. doi:10.1002/adfm.201001546. S2CID 96221597.
  75. ^ Yao, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhang, B.; Zhao, C.; Wang, Z.; Xu, Z.; Wu, Y.; Huang, W.; Qian, P.-Y.; Zhang, X. X. (2013). "Bio-Assembled Nanocomposites in Conch Shells Exhibit Giant Electret Hysteresis". Adv. Mater. 25 (5): 711–718. Bibcode:2013AdM....25..711Y. doi:10.1002/adma.201202079. PMID 23090938. S2CID 205246425.
  76. ^ Vanarse, Anup; Osseiran, Adam; Rassau, Alexander (2016). "A Review of Current Neuromorphic Approaches for Vision, Auditory, and Olfactory Sensors". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10: 115. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00115. PMC 4809886. PMID 27065784.
  77. ^ Youngblood, Jeffrey P.; Sottos, Nancy R. (August 2008). "Bioinspired Materials for Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing". MRS Bulletin. 33 (8): 732–741. doi:10.1557/mrs2008.158. ISSN 1938-1425.
  78. ^ Toohey, Kathleen S.; Sottos, Nancy R.; Lewis, Jennifer A.; Moore, Jeffrey S.; White, Scott R. (2007-06-10). "Self-healing materials with microvascular networks". Nature Materials. 6 (8): 581–585. doi:10.1038/nmat1934. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 17558429.
  79. ^ Fu, Fanfan; Chen, Zhuoyue; Zhao, Ze; Wang, Huan; Shang, Luoran; Gu, Zhongze; Zhao, Yuanjin (2017-06-06). "Bio-inspired self-healing structural color hydrogel". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (23): 5900–5905. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.5900F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1703616114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5468601. PMID 28533368.
  80. ^ Rampf, Markus; Speck, Olga; Speck, Thomas; Luchsinger, Rolf H. (September 2011). "Self-Repairing Membranes for Inflatable Structures Inspired by a Rapid Wound Sealing Process of Climbing Plants". Journal of Bionic Engineering. 8 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1016/s1672-6529(11)60028-0. ISSN 1672-6529. S2CID 137853348.
  81. ^ Yuan, Y. C.; Yin, T.; Rong, M. Z.; Zhang, M. Q. (2008). "Self healing in polymers and polymer composites. Concepts, realization and outlook: A review". Express Polymer Letters. 2 (4): 238–250. doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.29.
  82. ^ Cummings, Sean C.; Dodo, Obed J.; Hull, Alexander C.; Zhang, Borui; Myers, Camryn P.; Sparks, Jessica L.; Konkolewicz, Dominik (2020-03-13). "Quantity or Quality: Are Self-Healing Polymers and Elastomers Always Tougher with More Hydrogen Bonds?". ACS Applied Polymer Materials. 2 (3): 1108–1113. doi:10.1021/acsapm.9b01095. S2CID 214391859.
  83. ^ "Inspired by Nature". Sharklet Technologies Inc. 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  84. ^ Yuan, Zhiqing (15 November 2013). "A novel fabrication of a superhydrophobic surface with highly similar hierarchical structure of the lotus leaf on a copper sheet". Applied Surface Science. 285: 205–210. Bibcode:2013ApSS..285..205Y. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.037.
  85. ^ Huh, Dongeun (25 June 2010). "Reconstituting Organ-Level Lung Functions on a Chip". Science. 328 (5986): 1662–1668. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1662H. doi:10.1126/science.1188302. PMC 8335790. PMID 20576885. S2CID 11011310.
  86. ^ Mayser, Matthias (12 June 2014). "Layers of Air in the Water beneath the Floating Fern Salvinia are Exposed to Fluctuations in Pressure". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 54 (6): 1001–1007. doi:10.1093/icb/icu072. PMID 24925548.
  87. ^ Borno, Ruba (21 September 2006). "Transpiration actuation: the design, fabrication and characterization of biomimetic microactuators driven by the surface tension of water" (PDF). Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 16 (11): 2375–2383. Bibcode:2006JMiMi..16.2375B. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/16/11/018. hdl:2027.42/49048. S2CID 2571529.
  88. ^ Garrod, R. (4 October 2006). "Mimicking a Stenocara Beetle's Back for Microcondensation Using Plasmachemical Patterned Superhydrophobic-Superhydrophilic Surfaces". Langmuir. 23 (2): 689–693. doi:10.1021/la0610856. PMID 17209621.
  89. ^ "ShieldSquare Captcha". iopscience.iop.org.
  90. ^ Banik, Arnob; Tan, Kwek-Tze (2020). "Dynamic Friction Performance of Hierarchical Biomimetic Surface Pattern Inspired by Frog Toe-Pad". Advanced Materials Interfaces. 7 (18): 2000987. doi:10.1002/admi.202000987. ISSN 2196-7350. S2CID 225194802.
  91. ^ Seo, Sungbaek; Das, Saurabh; Zalicki, Piotr J.; Mirshafian, Razieh; Eisenbach, Claus D.; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Waite, J. Herbert; Ahn, B. Kollbe (2015-07-29). "Microphase Behavior and Enhanced Wet-Cohesion of Synthetic Copolyampholytes Inspired by a Mussel Foot Protein". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (29): 9214–9217. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b03827. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 26172268. S2CID 207155810.
  92. ^ Ahn, B. Kollbe; Das, Saurabh; Linstadt, Roscoe; Kaufman, Yair; Martinez-Rodriguez, Nadine R.; Mirshafian, Razieh; Kesselman, Ellina; Talmon, Yeshayahu; Lipshutz, Bruce H. (2015-10-19). "High-performance mussel-inspired adhesives of reduced complexity". Nature Communications. 6: 8663. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8663A. doi:10.1038/ncomms9663. PMC 4667698. PMID 26478273.
  93. ^ "Gecko Tape". Stanford University. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  94. ^ Tuteja, Anish; Choi, Wonjae; Ma, Minglin; Mabry, Joseph M.; Mazzella, Sarah A.; Rutledge, Gregory C.; McKinley, Gareth H.; Cohen, Robert E. (2007-12-07). "Designing Superoleophobic Surfaces". Science. 318 (5856): 1618–1622. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1618T. doi:10.1126/science.1148326. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18063796. S2CID 36967067.
  95. ^ Wenzel, Robert N. (August 1936). "Resistance of Solid Surfaces to Wetting by Water". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 28 (8): 988–994. doi:10.1021/ie50320a024. ISSN 0019-7866.
  96. ^ Cassie, A. B. D.; Baxter, S. (1944). "Wettability of porous surfaces". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 40: 546. doi:10.1039/tf9444000546. ISSN 0014-7672.
  97. ^ Neinhuis, C (June 1997). "Characterization and Distribution of Water-repellent, Self-cleaning Plant Surfaces". Annals of Botany. 79 (6): 667–677. doi:10.1006/anbo.1997.0400.
  98. ^ Barthlott, W.; Neinhuis, C. (1997-04-30). "Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces". Planta. 202 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1997Plant.202....1B. doi:10.1007/s004250050096. ISSN 0032-0935. S2CID 37872229.
  99. ^ Tuteja, Anish; Choi, Wonjae; McKinley, Gareth H.; Cohen, Robert E.; Rubner, Michael F. (August 2008). "Design Parameters for Superhydrophobicity and Superoleophobicity". MRS Bulletin. 33 (8): 752–758. doi:10.1557/mrs2008.161. ISSN 0883-7694. S2CID 138093919.
  100. ^ a b Speck, Thomas; Poppinga, Simon; Speck, Olga; Tauber, Falk (2021-09-23). "Bio-inspired life-like motile materials systems: Changing the boundaries between living and technical systems in the Anthropocene". The Anthropocene Review. 9 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1177/20530196211039275. ISSN 2053-0196. S2CID 244195957.
  101. ^ Vignolini, Silvia; Rudall, Paula J.; Rowland, Alice V.; Reed, Alison; Moyroud, Edwige; Faden, Robert B.; Baumberg, Jeremy J.; Glover, Beverley J.; Steiner, Ullrich (2012-09-25). "Pointillist structural color in Pollia fruit". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (39): 15712–15715. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10915712V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210105109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3465391. PMID 23019355.
  102. ^ Dumanli, A. G.; van der Kooij, H. M.; Reisner, E.; Baumberg, J.J.; Steiner, U.; Vignolini, Silvia (2014). "Digital color in cellulose nanocrystal films". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (15): 12302–12306. doi:10.1021/am501995e. PMC 4251880. PMID 25007291.
  103. ^ Vignolini, Silvia; Gregory, Thomas; Kolle, Mathias; Lethbridge, Alfie; Moyroud, Edwige; Steiner, Ullrich; Glover, Beverley J.; Vukusic, Peter; Rudall, Paula J. (2016-11-01). "Structural colour from helicoidal cell-wall architecture in fruits of Margaritaria nobilis". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (124): 20160645. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0645. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 5134016. PMID 28334698.
  104. ^ a b c d e f g Vignolini, Silvia; Moyroud, Edwige; Glover, Beverley J.; Steiner, Ullrich (2013-10-06). "Analysing photonic structures in plants". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 10 (87): 20130394. doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0394. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 3758000. PMID 23883949.
  105. ^ Parker, Richard M.; Guidetti, Giulia; Williams, Cyan A.; Zhao, Tianheng; Narkevicius, Aurimas; Vignolini, Silvia; Frka-Petesic, Bruno (2017-12-18). "The Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Hierarchical Design of Visual Appearance" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 30 (19): 1704477. doi:10.1002/adma.201704477. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 29250832.
  106. ^ Chandler, Chris J.; Wilts, Bodo D.; Vignolini, Silvia; Brodie, Juliet; Steiner, Ullrich; Rudall, Paula J.; Glover, Beverley J.; Gregory, Thomas; Walker, Rachel H. (2015-07-03). "Structural colour in Chondrus crispus". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 11645. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511645C. doi:10.1038/srep11645. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5155586. PMID 26139470.
  107. ^ Schroeder, Thomas B. H.; Houghtaling, Jared; Wilts, Bodo D.; Mayer, Michael (March 2018). "It's Not a Bug, It's a Feature: Functional Materials in Insects". Advanced Materials. 30 (19): 1705322. Bibcode:2018AdM....3005322S. doi:10.1002/adma.201705322. hdl:2027.42/143760. PMID 29517829.
  108. ^ Schenk, Franziska; Wilts, Bodo D.; Stavenga, Doekele G (November 2013). "The Japanese jewel beetle: a painter's challenge". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 8 (4): 045002. Bibcode:2013BiBi....8d5002S. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/8/4/045002. PMID 24262911. S2CID 41654298.
  109. ^ Syurik, Julia; Jacucci, Gianni; Onelli, Olimpia D.; Holscher, Hendrik; Vignolini, Silvia (22 February 2018). "Bio-inspired Highly Scattering Networks via Polymer Phase Separation". Advanced Functional Materials. 28 (24): 1706901. doi:10.1002/adfm.201706901.
  110. ^ Ayre, James (January 9, 2013). "Brighter LEDs Inspired By Fireflies, Efficiency Increased By 55%". CleanTechnica. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  111. ^ Ball, Philip (May 2012). "Nature's Color Tricks". Scientific American. 306 (5): 74–79. Bibcode:2012SciAm.306e..74B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0512-74 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMID 22550931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  112. ^ Song, Bokwang; Johansen, Villads Egede; Sigmund, Ole; Shin, Jung H. (April 2017). "Reproducing the hierarchy of disorder for Morpho-inspired, broad-angle color reflection". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 46023. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746023S. doi:10.1038/srep46023. PMC 5384085. PMID 28387328.
  113. ^ "Structural Blue: Color Reimagined / Discover the Global World of Lexus". discoverlexus.com. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  114. ^ Cathey, Jim (7 January 2010). "Nature Knows Best: What Burrs, Geckos and Termites Teach Us About Design". Qualcomm. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  115. ^ Cherny-Scanlon, Xenya (29 July 2014). "Seven fabrics inspired by nature: from the lotus leaf to butterflies and sharks". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  116. ^ Sgro, Donna. "About". Donna Sgro. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  117. ^ Sgro, Donna (9 August 2012). "Biomimicry + Fashion Practice". Fashionably Early Forum, National Gallery Canberra. pp. 61–70. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  118. ^ "Annual Report 2006" (PDF). Teijin Japan. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 23 November 2018. MORPHOTEX, the world's first structurally colored fiber, features a stack structure with several tens of nano-order layers of polyester and nylon fibers with different refractive indexes, facilitating control of color using optical coherence tomography. Structural control means that a single fiber will always show the same colors regardless of its location.
  119. ^ "Morphotex". Transmaterial. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  120. ^ Ltd 2002-2017, Canon Europa N. V. and Canon Europe. "SubWavelength Structure Coating". Canon Professional Network. Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2019-07-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  121. ^ Ltd 2002-2017, Canon Europa N. V. and Canon Europe. "SubWavelength structure Coating". Canon Professional Network. Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2019-07-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  122. ^ Kulkarni, Amogh; Saraf, Chinmay (December 2019). "Learning from Nature: Applications of Biomimicry in Technology". 2019 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon). IEEE. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/punecon46936.2019.9105797. ISBN 978-1-7281-1924-3. S2CID 219316015.
  123. ^ Stevenson, John (November 18, 2020). "Small finlets on owl feathers point the way to less aircraft noise". Phys.org. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  124. ^ Teague, W.R.; Dowhower, S.L.; Baker, S.A.; Haile, N.; DeLaune, P.B.; Conover, D.M. (May 2011). "Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 141 (3–4): 310–322. Bibcode:2011AgEE..141..310T. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009.
  125. ^ Weber, K.T.; Gokhale, B.S. (January 2011). "Effect of grazing on soil-water content in semiarid rangelands of southeast Idaho" (PDF). Journal of Arid Environments. 75 (5): 264–270. Bibcode:2011JArEn..75..464W. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.12.009. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  126. ^ Briske, David D.; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.; Brown, Joel R.; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Wayne Polley, H. (Oct 2013). "The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change". Rangelands. 35 (5): 72–74. doi:10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1. hdl:10150/639967.
  127. ^ Monbiot, George (2014-08-04). "Eat more meat and save the world: the latest implausible farming miracle". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  128. ^ "Multi V 5 | VRF | Air Solution | Business | LG Global". www.lg.com.
  129. ^ "Fan | Air Conditioning and Refrigeration | Daikin Global". www.daikin.com.
  130. ^ a b Johl, Jas (September 20, 2019). "BioMimicry: 5 Security Design Principles from the Field of Cellular Biology". Medium.
  131. ^ Warson, Skipper Chong (January 2, 2018). "Looking deeper into biomimicry: how nature inspires design". Medium.
  132. ^ Chen, Rick (2019-04-16). "NASA's New Flying Robots: Bee-ing in Space for the First Time". NASA. Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  133. ^ Gradišar, Helena; Jerala, Roman (February 3, 2014). "Self-assembled bionanostructures: proteins following the lead of DNA nanostructures". Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 12 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1477-3155-12-4. PMC 3938474. PMID 24491139.
  134. ^ Stegmaier, Thomas; Linke, Michael; Planck, Heinrich (29 March 2009). "Bionics in textiles: flexible and translucent thermal insulations for solar thermal applications". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 367 (1894): 1749–1758. Bibcode:2009RSPTA.367.1749S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0019. PMID 19376769. S2CID 17661840.
  135. ^ Wilson, S.J. Wilson; Hutley, M.C. (1982). "The Optical Properties of 'Moth Eye' Antireflection Surfaces". Journal of Modern Optics. 29 (7): 993–1009. Bibcode:1982AcOpt..29..993W. doi:10.1080/713820946.
  136. ^ Swedish Biomimetics: The μMist Platform Technology Archived December 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  137. ^ Dujardin, Erik; Peet, Charlie; Stubbs, Gerald; Culver, James N.; Mann, Stephen (March 2003). "Organization of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus Templates". Nano Letters. 3 (3): 413–417. Bibcode:2003NanoL...3..413D. doi:10.1021/nl034004o.
  138. ^ Douglas, Trevor; Young, Mark (June 1999). "Virus Particles as Templates for Materials Synthesis". Advanced Materials. 11 (8): 679–681. Bibcode:1999AdM....11..679D. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199906)11:8<679::AID-ADMA679>3.0.CO;2-J.
  139. ^ Yamashita, Ichiro; Hayashi, Junko; Hara, Masahiko (September 2004). "Bio-template Synthesis of Uniform CdSe Nanoparticles Using Cage-shaped Protein, Apoferritin". Chemistry Letters. 33 (9): 1158–1159. doi:10.1246/cl.2004.1158.

Further reading

edit
  • Benyus, J. M. (2001). Along Came a Spider. Sierra, 86(4), 46–47.
  • Hargroves, K. D. & Smith, M. H. (2006). Innovation inspired by nature Biomimicry. Ecos, (129), 27–28.
  • Marshall, A. (2009). Wild Design: The Ecomimicry Project, North Atlantic Books: Berkeley.
  • Passino, Kevin M. (2004). Biomimicry for Optimization, Control, and Automation. Springer.
  • Pyper, W. (2006). Emulating nature: The rise of industrial ecology. Ecos, (129), 22–26.
  • Smith, J. (2007). It's only natural. The Ecologist, 37(8), 52–55.
  • Thompson, D'Arcy W., On Growth and Form. Dover 1992 reprint of 1942 2nd ed. (1st ed., 1917).
  • Vogel, S. (2000). Cats' Paws and Catapults: Mechanical Worlds of Nature and People. Norton.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomimetics&oldid=1254883825"
  NODES
3d 5
camera 1
Community 1
Experiments 2
HOME 1
Idea 1
idea 1
innovation 5
inspiration 26
Interesting 2
Intern 5
iOS 1
languages 1
mac 12
Note 2
OOP 1
os 111
server 1
text 3
visual 3
web 4