In British English, Bongo Bongo Land (or Bongo-bongo Land) is a pejorative term used to refer to Third World countries, particularly in Africa, or to a fictional such country.
Possible origins
editThe origin of the term is unclear but it may come from one or both of the following:
- Bongo drums believed to be played by African natives[1]
- A parody of African place-names or languages, particularly those in Bantu languages. Bantu languages avoid consonant clusters and almost all words end in vowels, and reduplication is commonly used to mark intensity or frequency.
There is a reference to "Bongoland" in the English translation by Ellen Elizabeth Frewer of a book originally in German by Georg August Schweinfurth, published in 1874 in English as The Heart of Africa.[2] Schweinfurth locates it as lying between 6-8 degrees North and in the south-western region of the Bahr-el-Ghazal (South Sudan). The Belgian explorer Adolphe de Calonne-Beaufaict also refers to the 'Bongo of the Bahr-el-Ghazal' in his 1921 study of the Azande.[3] The English anthropologist Evans-Pritchard published a useful description of the Bongo in 1929,[4] in which he pointed out how their way of life was systematically destroyed by the Arab slave and ivory traders from the North.
The 1947 song "Civilization" by Bob Hilliard and Carl Sigman, recorded by various artists, contained the line "Bongo, Bongo, Bongo, I Don't Want to Leave the Congo". A variation of this was adopted for a poster produced by the fascist Union Movement bearing the chant "Bongo, bongo, whites aren't going to leave the Congo".[5] In the 1970s, the cinema advertisement for Silk Cut cigarettes parodying the 1964 film Zulu was supposedly set in "Mbongoland".
The word "bongo" is also the slang nickname of the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam, and the kind of music which originated from Dar es Salaam is called "Bongo Flava", a slang version of the phrase "bongo flavour". Also, some Tanzanian films are known as "bongo films".[6]
Controversies
editThe term has featured in political controversies. In 1985, Alan Clark, while Conservative Member of Parliament for Plymouth Sutton, once, in a departmental meeting, allegedly referred to Africa as "Bongo Bongo Land".[7][8] When called to account, however, Clark denied the comment had any racist overtones, saying it had simply been a reference to the President of Gabon, Omar Bongo.[9]
In 2004, Taki Theodoracopulos called Kenya "bongo-bongo land" in his Spectator column. The Guardian later criticized his use of "offensive and outdated stereotypes".[10]
In July 2013, Godfrey Bloom, Member of the European Parliament for Yorkshire and the Humber for the UK Independence Party (UKIP), was filmed referring to countries which receive overseas aid from the United Kingdom as "Bongo Bongo Land".[11] UKIP later banned use of the term, A spokesperson from Show Racism the Red Card stated that Bloom's remarks were "crude stereotypes that see Britain as a civilised place and overseas as tribal".[12] Matthew d'Ancona wrote in The Daily Telegraph: "There may indeed be some who inwardly cheered Bloom’s choice of words. But there will be many – including, crucially, some who agree with his position on aid – who felt queasy at the use of such antediluvian language."[13]
In 2019, the MP Tanmanjeet Singh Dhesi asked the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, to apologise for his use of derogatory terms to describe immigrants, citing "towel-head, or Taliban, or coming from bongo-bongo land" as examples of such insults which minority communities receive; though not necessarily ascribing these terms to Johnson, the speech was made in relation to other comments made by him.[14]
See also
edit- Bongoland, a 2003 American/Tanzanian film directed by Josiah Kibira.
- Bunga bunga
- Um Bongo, a tropical fruit drink with African-themed branding
- Bongo bongo in linguistics
- King Leonardo and His Short Subjects, a 1960 animation series about the fictional African country of Bongo Congo
References
edit- ^ Room, Adrian (2006). Nicknames of places: Origins and meanings of the alternate and secondary names, sobriquets, titles, epithets and slogans for 4600 places worldwide. McFarland & Company.
Bongo Bongo Land.
- ^ Schweinfurth, Georg August; Frewer, Ellen Elizabeth (3 February 1874). "The heart of Africa". New York : Harper & brothers – via Internet Archive.
- ^ de Calonne-Beaufaict, A. Azande, Bruxelles,Instituts Solvay
- ^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1929). "The Bongo". Sudan Notes and Records. 12 (1): 1–61. ISSN 0375-2984.
- ^ Prison Sentence And Fines in Ritz Hotel Case Defence Speaks Of "An Awful Error" (Law) The Times Saturday, 13 Aug 1960; pg. 4; Issue 54849; col F
- ^ "Kanumba funeral: Thousands mourn Tanzanian actor". BBC News. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Hughes, Geoffrey (2011). Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture. ISBN 9781444360295.
- ^ 7 February 1985 "Tory minister faces row over race remark" Financial Times
- ^ Clark, A. The Last Diaries: In and Out of the Wilderness, Phoenix, 2003, p. 219.
- ^ "Boris Johnson: Selective spectator". The Guardian. London. 21 October 2004.
- ^ Mason, Rowena (6 August 2013). "Ukip MEP Godfrey Bloom criticises aid to 'bongo bongo land'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^ "The other meaning of Bongoland". BBC News. 8 August 2013.
- ^ d’Ancona, Matthew (10 August 2013). "Take note, Ukip: political discourse isn't a free-for-all". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- ^ "Boris Johnson urged to apologise for 'derogatory and racist' letterboxes article". The Guardian. London. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2021.