Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOSP or BEOS) is an EEG technique by which a suspect's participation in a crime is detected by eliciting electrophysiological impulses.[1][2]
It is a non-invasive, scientific technique with a degree of sensitivity and a neuro-psychological method of interrogation which is also referred to as 'brain fingerprinting'.
History
editThe methodology was developed by Champadi Raman Mukundan (C. R. Mukundan), a Neuroscientist, former Professor & Head of Clinical Psychology at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Bangalore, India),[3] while he worked as a Research Consultant to TIFAC-DFS Project on 'Normative Data for Brain Electrical Activation Profiling'.[4]
His works are based on research that was also formerly pursued by other scientists at American universities, including J. Peter Rosenfeld, Lawrence Farwell and Emanuel Donchin.[5]
Principle
editThe human brain receives millions of arrays of signals in different modalities, all through the waking periods. These signals are classified and stored in terms of their relationship perceived as function of experience and available knowledge base of an individual, as well as new relationship produced through sequential processing. The process of encoding happens primarily when the individual directly participates in an activity or experiences it.[6]
It is considered secondary, when the information is obtained from a secondary source viz. books, conversations, hearsay etc. in which there is no primary experiential component and the brain deals mainly with conceptual aspects.[7]
Primary encoding is deep-seated and has specific source memory in terms of time and space of occurrence of experience, as individual himself/herself has shared or participated in the experience/act/event at certain time in his/her life at a certain place.
It is found that when the brain of an individual is activated by a piece of information of an event in which he/she has taken part, the brain of the individual will respond differently from that of a person who has received the same information from secondary sources (non-experiential).[8]
BEOSP is based on this principle, thereby intending to demonstrate that the suspect who have primary encoded information of those who have participated in the suspected events[9] will show responses indicating firsthand (personally acquired) knowledge of the event.
Procedure
edit- Pretest interview with the suspect in BEOSP
- The suspect is acquainted with BEOSP test procedure
- Informed consent is obtained
Ideally, no questions are to be asked while conducting the test; rather, the subject is simply provided with the probable events/scenarios in the aftermath of which, the results are analyzed to verify if the brain produces any experiential knowledge, which is essentially the recognition of events disclosed. This way, all fundamental rights are protected, as neither there are no questions that are being asked or any answers reciprocated.
Applications
editUniversity of Pennsylvania conducted a research along with the Brigham & Women's Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts), Children's Hospital Boston & the University Hospital of Freiburg, Germany which determined that Gamma Oscillations in the brain could help distinguish false memories from the real ones. Their analysis concluded that in the retrieval of truthful memories, as compared to false, human brain creates an extremely distinct pattern of gamma oscillations, indicating a recognition of context based information associated with a prior experience.[10]
Criticism
edit- India’s Novel Use of Brain Scans in Courts Is Debated as featured on The New York Times
- India’s Judges Overrule Scientists on ‘Guilty Brain’ Tech as discussed over Wired (magazine)
See also
editExternal links
edit- ^ Rissman, Jesse; Greely, Henry T.; Wagner, Anthony D. (2010-05-25). "Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (21): 9849–9854. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.9849R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001028107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2906873. PMID 20457911.
- ^ Gaudet, Lyn M. 2011. “BRAIN FINGERPRINTING, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, AND DAUBERT: A CAUTIONARY LESSON FROM INDIA.” Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology 51(3):293–318. Retrieved [1].
- ^ "The Mind Transparent? Reading the human brain" (PDF). King's College London.
- ^ "Brain Electrical Oscillations Signature Profile Brain Electrical Oscillations Signature Profile of Experiential Knowledge" (PDF). Axxonet - A Research Center recognised by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ Giridharadas, Anand (2008-09-15). "India's use of brain scans in courts dismays critics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ "UW Computer Security Research and Course Blog » Security Review: Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling in Criminal Trials". cubist.cs.washington.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ "Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories". Government of Maharashtra.
- ^ Ashcroft, Keith (2013-07-26). "Brainwave Signature Profiling". Centre for Forensic Neuroscience. Archived from the original on 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ "This brain test maps the truth - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ Sederberg, Per B.; Schulze-Bonhage, Andreas; Madsen, Joseph R.; Bromfield, Edward B.; Litt, Brian; Brandt, Armin; Kahana, Michael J. (2007-11-01). "Gamma Oscillations Distinguish True From False Memories". Psychological Science. 18 (11): 927–932. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02003.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMC 2897900. PMID 17958703.