Canaanite shift

In historical linguistics, the Canaanite shift is a vowel shift/sound change that took place in the Canaanite dialects, which belong to the Northwest Semitic branch of the Semitic languages family. This sound change caused Proto-NW-Semitic *ā (long a) to turn into ō (long o) in Proto-Canaanite. It accounts, for example, for the difference between the second vowel of Hebrew שלום (šalom, Tiberian šālōm) and its Arabic cognate سلام (salām). The original word was probably *šalām-, with the ā preserved in Arabic, but transformed into ō in Hebrew. The change is attested in records from the Amarna Period, dating it to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.

Nature and cause

This vowel shift is well attested in Hebrew and other Canaanite languages, but its exact nature is unclear and contested.

Theory of unconditioned shift

Many scholars consider this shift to be unconditioned. This position states that there were no conditioning factors such as stress or surrounding consonants which affected whether or not any given Proto-Semitic *ā became ō in Canaanite. Such scholars point to the fact that Proto-Semitic *ā virtually always reflects as ō in Hebrew.

Theory of stress conditioning

Some other scholars point to Hebrew words like שמאלי‎ səmālī (an adjective meaning "on the left"), in which the original *ā is thought to be preserved. Since such a preservation would be hard to explain by secondary processes like borrowing or analogy, they often assume that the shift was conditional and took place only in stressed syllables and that later, many words changed their form in analogy to other words in the same paradigm. As a result, the conditional nature of the shift became indistinct.

Responses to stress conditioning theory

Those who support a theory of unconditioned shift contend that stress conditioning does not account for the fact that often *ā became ō even in positions where it was neither stressed nor part of an inflectional or derivational paradigm, and that such forms as שמאלי‎ may indeed be a secondary development, since שמאל‎ səmōl, the unsuffixed basic form of the word, actually does contain an o. The a of שמאלי‎, therefore could be explained as having occurred after the vowel shift had ceased to be synchronically productive.

A parallel may be found in the pre-classical history of Latin, where a phenomenon called rhotacism affected all instances of intervocalic /s/ turning them into /r/. Thus rūs (countryside), for example, took the oblique form rūri from Proto-Italic *rowesi. The phenomenon, naturally, failed to affect instances of intervocalic geminate /s/ formed after it had ceased to be productive. Thus ēsum (a form of the Latin verb meaning "to eat") was not rhotacized from Proto-Italic *ēssom (for *ed-tom), instead the geminate was reduced to a single consonant by the time of the rhotic phenomenon.

In much the same way the shape of such words as שמאלי‎ may, in fact, represent a secondary process occurring after the Canaanite shift ceased to be productive.

Arabic–Hebrew parallels

The shift was so productive in Canaanite languages that it altered their inflectional and derivational morphologies wherever they contained the reflex of a pre-Canaanite *ā, as can be seen in Hebrew, the most attested of Canaanite languages, by comparing it with Arabic, a well-attested non-Canaanite Semitic language.

Present participle of Qal verbs

Classical Arabic فاعل (fāʻil) vs. Tiberian Hebrew פועל (pōʻēl)

Arabic	Translation	Hebrew	Translation
كاتِب kātib	writer	כּוֹתֵב kōṯēḇ	writer, writing
فاتِح fātiḥ	opener	פּוֹתֵחַ pōṯēaḥ	opener, opening (attrib.)
كاهِن kāhin	soothsayer, augur, priest	כֹּהֵן kōhēn	priest (male descendant of Aaron)

Feminine plural

Classical Arabic ات- (-āt) vs. Tiberian Hebrew ות- (-ōṯ)

Arabic	Hebrew	Translation
بَنات banāt	בָּנוֹת bānōṯ	girls, daughters
مِئات miʼāt	מֵאוֹת mēʼōṯ	hundreds
مَلِكات malikāt	מְלָכוֹת məlāḵōṯ	queens

Noun

Classical Arabic فعال (fi‘āl, fa‘āl) vs. Tiberian Hebrew פעול (pă‘ōl, pā‘ōl)

Arabic	Hebrew	Translation
حمار ḥimār	חמור ḥămōr	donkey
سلام salām	שלום šālōm	peace
لسان lisān	לשון lāšōn	tongue

Classical Arabic فأل (faʼl) vs. Tiberian Hebrew פול, פאל (pōl)

Arabic	Hebrew	Translation
كأس kaʼs	כוס kōs	glass
رأس raʼs	ראש rōš	head, chief

Other words

Arabic	Hebrew	Translation
لا lā	לא lō	no
ذراع ḏirāʻ	זרוע zərōaʻ	arm
عالم ʻālam	עולם ʻōlām	world, universe

In one of the above lexical items (rōš), the shift did not only affect originally long vowels, but also originally short vowels occurring in the vicinity of a historically attested glottal stop in Canaanite.

Transcriptions of the Phoenician language reveal that the change also took place there – see suffete.

Uses of the shift

Often when new source material in an old Semitic language is uncovered, the Canaanite shift may be used to date the source material or to establish that the source material is written in a specifically Canaanite language. The shift is especially useful since it affects long vowels whose presence is likely to be recorded by matres lectionis such as aleph and waw, even in a defective consonantal script. In languages where the shift occurs, it also gives historical linguists reason to suppose that other shifts may have taken place.

See also

• Chain shift
• Great Vowel Shift

Bibliography

• Blau, Joshua (1996), Studies in Hebrew Linguistics, Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University
• Cross, Frank (1980), "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 238, no. 238, The American Schools of Oriental Research, pp. 1–20, doi:10.2307/1356511, JSTOR 1356511, S2CID 222445150
• Fox, Joshua (1996), "A Sequence of Vowel Shifts in Phoenician and Other Languages", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 55, pp. 37–47, doi:10.1086/373783, S2CID 161890998
• Wehr, Hans (1993), Arabic–English Dictionary