Canal Lands were tracts of land donated by the federal government to several Great Lakes states in the 19th century to encourage internal improvements and aid in funding the construction of Canals. These states sold the land tracts to private parties to raise funds for canal construction.
Checkerboarding was used as a compromise method between opponents and proponents of such federal subsidies, and this subsidy system continued with land grants to railroads between 1851 and 1870.[1]
Previous grants
editThe federal government initiated donations to the states for internal improvements with the Ohio Enabling act in 1802. This act set aside 5 percent of the proceeds of sale of federal land within the state to fund roads connecting the state to the east coast, and for roads within the state.[2] This act was later amended to award two percent to build roads connecting Ohio to the East, and three percent for roads within the state. This established a precedent extended to other states, which received two, three or five percent of sale proceeds.[3]
Canal era
editThe era of canal building in the west began after the success of the Erie Canal in New York. States wanted to build canals to connect the Great Lakes with the Mississippi River basin. The first federal action to support such canals was for Indiana, to allow a canal between the Wabash River and Lake Erie, in 1824. This act was not utilized. The act of March 2, 1827 granted land equal to two and one half sections on each side of the canal to Indiana, that they could resell to support canal construction, with deadlines for completion of the canal, and free passage on the canal for the federal government. Part of this canal passed through Ohio, so the act of June 30, 1834 corrected the unpleasantness on Indiana being granted land in Ohio, and instead granted the land to Ohio. Grants of two and one half sections either side of canals were extended to other states for their projects, as in the table, along with some grants not based on that calculation.[4]
| State | Year | Date | Statue | Canal name | Grant area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indiana | 1824 | May 26 | 4 Stat. 47 | Wabash and Erie | ---[5] |
| Indiana | 1827 | March 2 | 4 Stat. 236 | Wabash and Erie | 234,236.73 acres (948 km2) |
| Indiana | 1830 | May 29 | 4 Stat. 416 | Wabash and Erie | 29,552.50 acres (120 km2) |
| Indiana | 1841 | February 27 | 5 Stat. 414 | Wabash and Erie | 259,368.48 acres (1,050 km2) |
| Indiana | 1842 | August 29 | 5 Stat. 542 | Wabash and Erie | 24,219.83 acres (98 km2) |
| Indiana | 1845 | March 3 | 5 Stat. 731 | Wabash and Erie | 796,630.19 acres (3,224 km2) |
| Indiana | 1848 | May 9 | 9 Stat. 219 | Wabash and Erie | 113,348.33 acres (459 km2) |
| Ohio | 1827 1834 |
March 2 June 30 |
4 Stat. 236 4 Stat. 716 |
Wabash and Erie | 266,535.00 acres (1,079 km2) |
| Ohio | 1828 1830 |
May 24 April 2 |
4 Stat. 305 4 Stat. 393 |
Miami and Dayton | 333,826.00 acres (1,351 km2) |
| Ohio | 1828 | May 24 | 4 Stat. 306 (section 5) | General canal purposes | 500,000.00 acres (2,023 km2) |
| Illinois | 1827 1854 |
March 2 August 3 |
4 Stat. 234 10 Stat. 344 |
Illinois river and Lake Michigan | 290,915.00 acres (1,177 km2) |
| Wisconsin | 1838 | June 18 | 5 Stat. 245 | Milwaukee and Rock River | 125,431.00 acres (508 km2) |
| Wisconsin | 1866 1872 1874 |
April 10 March 1 March 7 |
14 Stat. 30 17 Stat. 32 18 Stat. 20 |
Breakwater and Harbor Ship | 200,000.00 acres (809 km2) |
| Michigan | 1852 | August 26 | 10 Stat. 35 | St. Mary’s Ship | 750,000.00 acres (3,035 km2) |
| Michigan | 1865 | March 3 | 13 Stat. 519 | Portage Lake and Lake Superior Ship | 200,000.00 acres (809 km2) |
| Michigan | 1866 | July 3 | 14 Stat. 81 | Portage Lake and Lake Superior Ship | 200,000.00 acres (809 km2) |
| Michigan | 1866 | July 3 | 14 Stat. 80 | lac la belle ship | 100,000.00 acres (405 km2) |
| State | Total grant |
|---|---|
| Indiana | 1,457,366.06 acres (5,898 km2) |
| Ohio | 1,100,361.00 acres (4,453 km2) |
| Illinois | 290,915.00 acres (1,177 km2) |
| Wisconsin | 325,431.00 acres (1,317 km2) |
| Michigan | 1,250,000.00 acres (5,059 km2) |
| Total | 4,424,073.06 acres (17,904 km2) |
Ohio Canal Lands
editOhio had constructed a canal to connect the Ohio River to Dayton. The act of 1828 was to support extension to the Maumee River in the north, where it would connect to the Wabash and Erie Canal and Lake Erie. The 500,000-acre (2,000 km2) grant was applied to construction of the Ohio and Erie Canal in the eastern half of the state.[6] Ohio earned $2,257,487 from sale of their lands located in the northwest of the state.[7]
Other grants for improvements
editThe United States granted more than one million acres (4,000 km²) for military wagon roads in the nineteenth century.[8] Large amounts of land were donated to build railroads.[9] Section eight of the act of September 4, 1841, called the State Selection act, 5 Stat. 455, granted 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) per state for internal improvements.[10]
Notes
edit- ^ George Draffan, Taking Back Our Land: A History of Railroad Land Grant Reform Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, Landgrant.org
- ^ 2 Stat. 175 - Text of Act of April 30, 1802 (section 7) Library of Congress
- ^ Williamson, p. 238-239.
- ^ Williamson, p. 258.
- ^ land granted ninety feet either side of canal
- ^ Peters, p. 323.
- ^ Knepper, p. 62.
- ^ Williamson, p. 260.
- ^ Williamson, p. 268.
- ^ Williamson, p. 255.
References
edit- Williamson, James A; Donaldson, Thomas (1880). The Public Domain. Its History, with Statistics. Government Printing Office. p. 255.
- Peters, William E. (1918). Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision. W.E. Peters. p. 323.
- Knepper, George W. (2002). The Official Ohio Lands Book (PDF). The Auditor of the State of Ohio.