The Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea) is a hard pine species native to Central America and the northern West Indies (in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). It belongs to subsection Australes in subgenus Pinus. It inhabits tropical and subtropical coniferous forests such as Bahamian pineyards, in both lowland savannas and montane forests.
| Caribbean pine | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pinus caribaea specimen in El Hatillo, Miranda, Venezuela | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Subgenus: | P. subg. Pinus |
| Section: | P. sect. Trifoliae |
| Subsection: | P. subsect. Australes |
| Species: | P. caribaea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pinus caribaea | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Pinus hondurensis Sénéclauze | |
Taxonomy
editAs of 2013, the species has three accepted varieties:[2]
- Pinus caribaea var. caribaea – pino macho, Caribbean pine, Nicaragua pine, pitch pine (Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud in western Cuba)
- Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis (Grisebach) W.H.Barrett & Golfari – Bahamas pine, Caicos pine, Caribbean pine (The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands)
- Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) W.H.Barrett & Golfari – Caribbean pine (states of Quintana Roo and the Yucatán in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua). The Yucatán population is also considered to be the nominate variety.
Distribution
editIt has been proposed that the pines of Australes subsection (of which Caribbean pine is part) arrived to the Caribbean basin from the southeastern United States.[3] Regarding the population in the Bahamas, it has been proposed that this species emigrated into the region from Florida four or five thousand years ago, long after the end of the Ice Age, as the climate became wetter. Based on fossil species assemblages it is believed that the environment on the Bahamas was much less forested and a dry savannah during the glacial maximum some 18,000 years ago when the sea level was some 120 metres (390 feet) lower than it is today.[4][5]
Paleoclimatic[6] and genetic data[7] have been used to propose that P. caribaea ultimately originated in Central America. According to chloroplast genetic data, P. caribaea lineages colonized the Caribbean islands from populations in Central America at least twice (one leading to Cuban populations and another leading to the populations on the Bahamas).[7]
The Uverito forest in Venezuela, located between the states of Anzoátegui and Monagas, is the largest artificial forest in the world planted by man, with around 600,000 hectares of Caribbean pine forest plantations.
Ecology
editPeriodic wildfires play a major role in the distribution of this species; this tree regenerates quickly and aggressively, replacing broadleaf trees after fires. In zones without fires, the succession continues and the pine forest is replaced by tropical broadleaf forest. The young pines require bright sunlight to grow, and are resistant to fire once they mature.[8][9]
Uses
editLumber and pulpwood from this tree shipped to Florida is the main export of the Abaco Islands.[10]
Conservation
editAccording to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, this species as a whole is considered of least concern,[1][11] but two of the three varieties are considered endangered (var. caribaea)[12] or vulnerable (var. bahamensis).[13]
References
edit- ^ a b Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus caribaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42348A2974430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42348A2974430.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "The Plant List: Pinus caribaea". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2013.
- ^ Adams, D.C., Jackson, J.F. (1997). A phylogenetic analysis of the southern pines (Pinus subsect. Australes Loudon): biogeographical and ecological implications. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110: 681–692.
- ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Pregill, Gregory K. (1982). "Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas — Introduction to the Paleontology of Bahaman Vertebrates" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 48: 1–7. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.48.1. S2CID 4838349. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Pregill, Gregory K. (1982). "Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas — Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles from New Providence Island, Bahamas" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 48: 19–20. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ Dvorak, W. S., Hamrick, J. L. &Gutierrez E. A. (2005). The origin of Caribbean pine in the seasonal swamps of the Yucatán. International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 985-994.
- ^ a b Jardón-Barbolla, L., Delgado-Valerio, P., Geada-López, G., Vázquez-Lobo, A., & Pinero D. (2011). Phylogeography of Pinus subsection Australes in the Caribbean Basin. Annals of Botany 107: 229-241.
- ^ Vázquez-Yanes, C.; A. I. Batis Muñoz; M. I. Alcocer Silva; M. Gual Díaz & C. Sánchez Dirzo (1999). "Árboles y arbustos potencialmente valiosos para la restauración ecológica y la reforestación" (PDF) (in Spanish).
- ^ "Ecosystems Of The Bahamas". The Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ Bower, Paul (1997). "Abaco Islands". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier. p. 4.
- ^ "Pinus caribaea (pino macho) description - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
- ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus caribaea var. caribaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T34184A2849737. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34184A2849737.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Sanchez, M.; Hamilton, M.A.; Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T20364362A20402659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T20364362A20402659.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.