Carlos Duarte Costa (July 21, 1888 – March 26, 1961) was a Brazilian Catholic bishop who became the founder of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church,[1][2] an Independent Catholic church, and its international communion, which long after his death became the short-lived Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches.
Carlos Duarte Costa | |
|---|---|
| Founder of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church | |
 Duarte Costa (left) with Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez (right) during the episcopal consecration in Panama | |
| Church | Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church |
| Diocese | Rio de Janeiro |
| See | Rio de Janeiro |
| Installed | 5 July 1945 |
| Term ended | 26 March 1961 |
| Predecessor | Position created |
| Successor | Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez |
| Previous post(s) |
|
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 4 May 1911 by Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti |
| Consecration | 8 December 1924 by Sebastião da Silveira Cintra |
| Rank | Considered as Patriarch (title not used during his lifetime) (Brazilian Catholic Apostolic) / Bishop - (Catholic) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Carlos Duarte Costa July 21, 1888 |
| Died | March 26, 1961 (aged 72) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Nationality | Brazilian |
| Denomination | Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (formerly Roman Catholic) |
| Motto | O Senhor é a Minha Luz ("The Lord is my Light") Charitas Christi Urget Nos ("The Love of Christ Compels Us") |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Title as Saint | São Carlos do Brasil |
| Canonized | by Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church |
| Styles of Carlos Duarte Costa | |
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| Religious style | Bishop |
| Posthumous style | Saint |
Ordination history of Carlos Duarte Costa | |||||||||||||||||||
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The former Catholic Bishop of Botucatu,[3] he was excommunicated by Pope Pius XII, ultimately for schism, but in culmination of several doctrinal and canonical issues (such as his views on clerical celibacy). Duarte Costa has been canonized as "St. Carlos of Brazil" by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church.[4]
Biography
editEarly life and ministry
editCarlos Duarte Costa was born in Rio de Janeiro on July 21, 1888, at the residence of his uncle Eduardo Duarte de Silva. His father was João Matta Francisco Costa and his mother was Maria Carlota Duarte da Silva Costa, who came from a family heavily involved in politics and public service.[5] He completed his primary studies at the Salesian College Santa Rosa, in Niterói, and at age nine, he received his first communion in the cathedral of Uberaba from the hands of his uncle, Dom Eduardo Duarte da Silva (now a bishop), on July 24, 1897. That same year he was taken by his uncle to Rome to study at the Pontifical Latin American College, a Jesuit minor seminary. In 1905 he returned to Brazil for health reasons and entered an Augustinian seminary in Uberaba, where he continued his philosophical and theological studies. He only narrowly managed to complete his studies and qualify for ordination, however, and his uncle intervened to vouch for his nephew.[6]
After ordination as a deacon, Duarte Costa served in the cathedral church of Uberaba under his uncle, Dom Eduardo Duarte da Silva, who, on April 1, 1911, ordained Duarte Costa to the priesthood.[2][6]
On July 4, 1924, Pope Pius XI nominated Duarte Costa as Bishop of Botucatu.[2]
Attempts at church and societal reform
editIn 1932, Duarte Costa played an active role in the Constitutionalist Revolution, a failed attempt to restore constitutional government to Brazil. Duarte Costa formed a "Battalion of the Bishop" to fight on the side of the Constitutionalist troops and helped finance the battalion by selling off diocesan assets along with his own personal possessions. Duarte Costa's battalion never fought, however, which was a source of disappointment to him.[7]
In 1936, Duarte Costa made his second ad limina visit to Rome, meeting with Pope Pius XI. It is widely believed that he presented the pope with a list of radical reform proposals for the Catholic Church in Brazil, though no record of this survives. During this period he did become friends with another outspoken priest who would go on to achieve world fame, Helder Camara.[8]
Bishop of Maura
editIn September 1937, Duarte Costa resigned from his episcopal post and was appointed titular bishop of Maura.[2]
In 1944 he gained further notoriety by writing a glowing preface to the Brazilian translation of The Soviet Power by the Very Reverend Hewlett Johnson, the Anglican Dean of Canterbury known as "The Red Dean" for his uncompromising support of the Soviet Union. Duarte Costa consistently maintained his left-wing allegiance, calling for the establishment of a "Christian communism" in contrast to "Roman [Catholic] Church Fascism".[9]
As long as he enjoyed the protection of Cardinal Dom Sebastiao Leme da Silveira Cintra, Duarte Costa's political activism proceeded without much trouble. However, soon after the cardinal's death, Duarte Costa was formally accused by the Brazilian government of being a communist sympathizer. He was arrested on June 6, 1944, and imprisoned in Belo Horizonte.[10]
Excommunication
editAfter his release from prison Carlos Duarte Costa soon found himself in trouble again. In May 1945, Duarte Costa gave newspaper interviews accusing Brazil's papal nuncio of Nazi-Fascist spying, and accused Rome of having aided and abetted Adolf Hitler. In addition, he announced plans to set up his own Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, in which priests would be permitted to marry (and hold regular jobs in the lay world), personal confessions and the praying of rosaries would be abolished and bishops would be elected by popular vote.[11]
In response to Duarte Costa's continued insubordination, the Vatican finally laid against him the penalty of excommunication on July 2, 1945. Upon being informed of his excommunication, Duarte Costa responded by saying, "I consider today one of the happiest days of my life." He immediately titled himself "Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro" and told the press that he hoped soon to ordain ten married lawyers and professional men as priests in his new church.[11]
Founding of the ICAB
edit
After establishing the Igreja Católica Apostólica Brasileira (ICAB), Duarte Costa continued to use the same vestments, insignia, and rites as he had in the Roman Catholic Church. This provoked the cardinals of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro to appeal to the Minister of Justice and the President himself for an injunction against both him and the ICAB. On September 27, 1948, the ICAB churches were closed by the courts, on the grounds that they were deceiving the public into thinking they were Catholic churches and clergy. Duarte Costa quickly filed an appeal, and in 1949 the Brazilian Supreme Court ruled that the ICAB could reopen its doors on condition that the church use a modified liturgy and its clergy wear gray cassocks to minimize the potential for confusion with the black-colored Roman Catholic clergy.[12] The ICAB attracted the attention of scholars of Brazilian religions such as Roger Bastide, who described it as "having both a religious and a political program, the latter [having] much in common with the Communist Party".[13]
Unlike the official Catholic Church in Brazil, the ICAB developed friendly relations with Spiritism and Freemasonry. Duarte Costa "began giving talks in Spiritist centers to publicize the new church" and "ICAB would go on to attract many members" of Freemasonry.[14] Duarte Costa also "openly encouraged cooperation with Umbanda, Macumba and Candomblé communities" when these are considered wholly incompatible with Roman Catholicism.[15]
In the years immediately after founding the church, Duarte Costa consecrated four bishops, Salomão Barbosa Ferraz (August 15, 1945), Jorge Alves de Souza and Antidio Jose Vargas (both in 1946) and Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez (May 3, 1948).[16] These bishops had intended to establish similar autonomous Catholic national churches in several other Latin American countries. Relations between the bishops were not always good, and Duarte Costa fought bitterly with Ferraz from the earliest days of the ICAB.[17] His most fractious and quarrelsome relationship was with Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez however, whom he repeatedly denounced as a fraud and a charlatan.[18] Duarte Costa consecrated eleven ICAB bishops in total.[19]
References
edit- ^ "Ex-Priest's 'Sainthood' Irks Catholics in Brazil". The New York Times. 1973-08-03. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
- ^ a b c d "Igreja Católica Apostólica Brasileira IICAB)", Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, (Peter Clarke, ed.), Routledge, 2004 ISBN 9781134499700
- ^ "Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ "História da Igreja". Igreja Brasileira (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-03-01.
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2019, pp. 30-31
- ^ a b Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p. 42
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 46-47.
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p. 49
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p 16
- ^ Byrne, Julie. The Other Catholics, Columbia University Press, 2016 ISBN 9780231541701
- ^ a b "Religion: Rebel in Rio". Time. July 23, 1945. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
- ^ ""Freedom of Religious Worship"". Archived from the original on 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2007-07-06. from the Brazilian Supreme Court historical website
- ^ Roger Bastide, The African Religions of Brazil: Towards a Sociology of the Interpenetration of Civilizations, English translation of the 1960 French edition, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, p. 233.
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2019, pp. 77–78
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2019, p. 59
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp 77-109
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 78-79
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 111-115
- ^ Jarvis, Edward, Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2019, pp. 197-206