Cèmuhî (Camuhi, Camuki, Tyamuhi, Wagap) is an Oceanic language spoken on the island of New Caledonia, in the area of Poindimié, Koné, and Touho. The language has approximately 3,300 speakers and is considered a regional language of France.
| Cèmuhî | |
|---|---|
| Wagap | |
| Native to | New Caledonia |
| Region | Touho: east coast from Congouma to Wagap and inland valleys |
Native speakers | 2,600 (2009)[1] |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cam |
| Glottolog | cemu1238 |
 Cèmuhî is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Cèmuhî was studied by the French linguist Jean-Claude Rivierre.
Phonology
editConsonants
editThe consonants of Cèmuhî are shown in the table below.[2]
| labiovelar | labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | laryngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stop | pʷ | p | t | c | k | |
| Prenasalized stop | ᵐbʷ | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑg | |
| Nasal | mʷ, h̃ʷ | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | h̃ |
| Continuant | w | (r), l | (h) |
Rivierre analyzes the contrasts of Cèmuhî along three emic categories: nasal, semi-nasal (i.e. prenasalized), and oral consonants.[2] He uses the established term “labiovelar” (reproduced in the table) for what can be described more exactly as labialized consonants.
Vowels
editThe chart below shows Cèmuhî vowels, all of which can contrast in length.[2] While all vowels are phonetically nasalized after a nasal consonant, only two nasal vowels are reported to be contrastive: /ɛ̃ ~ ã/ and /õ ~ ũ/.[3]
| oral | nasal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| front | back | front | back | ||
| Close | i | u | õ ~ ũ | ||
| Close-mid | e | o | |||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ɛ̃ ~ ã | ||
| Open | a | ||||
Tone
editLike its neighbour Paicî, Cèmuhî is one of the few Austronesian languages which have developed contrastive tone. However, unlike other New Caledonian tonal languages, Cèmuhî has three tonal registers: high, mid, and low tones.[4][2]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Cèmuhî at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d Rivierre 1980.
- ^ Rivierre 1983, p. 27.
- ^ Rivierre 1972.
Bibliography
edit- Rivierre, Jean-Claude (1972). "Les tons de la langue de Touho (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : Etude diachronique". Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French). 67 (1): 301–316.
- —— (1980). La Langue de Touho : Phonologie et grammaire du Cèmuhî (Nouvelle-Calédonie) (in French). Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France. p. 363.
- —— (1983). Dictionnaire cèmuhî – français, suivi d'un lexique français – cèmuhî (in French). Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France. p. 375.
External links
edit- Audio recordings in the Cèmuhî language, in open access, by Jean-Claude Rivierre (source: Pangloss Collection).