The 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil engaged in censorship of media, artists, journalists, and others it deemed "subversive", "dangerous", or "immoral".[1][2] The political system installed by the 1964 coup d'état also set out to censor material that went against what it called moral e bons costumes ('morality and good manners').[3]
The government prohibited the production and circulation of such material. In addition to foreign books and authors, especially those social and political in nature, about 140 books by Brazilian authors were forbidden by the state in that period, covering both fiction and non-fiction.[1] Among these Brazilian authors there were Érico Veríssimo, Jorge Amado, Darcy Ribeiro, Rubem Fonseca, Caio Prado Júnior, Celso Furtado, Ignácio de Loyola Brandão, Dalton Trevisan, Maria da Conceição Tavares, Olympio Mourão Filho, and others.
History
editAt the beginning of the military dictatorship, between the coup in 1964 and Institutional Act Number Five in 1968, censorship involved confiscation initiatives with physical coercion by poorly trained agents at random checkpoints.[1]
Throughout the dictatorship, the hierarchical structure of organs involved in censorship went through transformations.[4] The Serviço de Censura de Diversões Públicas was originally established December 26, 1945, under Getúlio Vargas.[4][5] With the aim of centralizing censorship activities and standardizing directives, the Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas (DCDP) was created June 2, 1972, as part of the Federal Police of Brazil, subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security.[4]
Ênio Silveira, editor of Civilização Brasileira, was jailed and tried several times; in May 1965, his arrest prompted a petition signed by about a thousand people working in culture.[1]
The constitution of 1967 made censorship an official, centralized activity of the federal government in Brasília.[1]
Two protests against the military dictatorship precipitated the AI-5: the Cultura contra Censura protest against the prohibition of 8 plays in February 1968 and the March of the One Hundred Thousand in June of that year.[1]
On December 13, 1968, the Institutional Act Number Five was announced in the name of "authentic democratic order [...] (and) the combat of subversion and of the ideologies contrary to the traditions of our people", creating conditions under which disclosure of information, manifesting opinions, and cultural and artistic production were subjected to censorship.[1]
The death of journalist Vladimir Herzog in 1975 is considered a turning point in the process of Brazil's re-democratization.[6][7] The military regime promulgated a narrative that Herzog had committed suicide, but evidence indicated that the suicide had been staged, leading to public protest against the military government and its methods of covering up torture, including a weeklong strike by 30,000 university students and professors.[6]
The January 1977 Manifesto dos Intelectuais 'Petition of the Intellectuals' led by Lygia Fagundes Telles, with over a thousand signatures against the dictatorship, was delivered to the Ministry of Justice in Brasília and broke the momentum of the censors.[8]
On October 13, 1978, Constitutional Amendment No. 11 revoked the AI-5, effective January 1, 1979.[1] Zuenir Ventura estimates that in the decade in which the AI-5 was in effect, approximately 500 films, 450 theatrical plays, 200 books, dozens of radio programs, 100 magazines, over 500 song lyrics, and a dozen telenovela titles and pilots were censored.[1]
Notable cases
editCaetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil were arrested December 27, 1968—days after AI-5 was announced—under the false accusation of having performed a parody of the Brazilian National Anthem to the tune of "Tropicália" at the Sucata club in Rio de Janeiro.[9][10][11][12][13] They joined a number of Brazilian artists who lived in exile during the military dictatorship.
Resistance
editSome artists responded to the climate of censorship and repression by cleverly disguising subversive messages in their work.[14] Notable examples include Geraldo Vandré's 1968 "Pra Não Dizer que Não Falei das Flores" as well as Chico Buarque's 1970 "Apesar de Você " and 1973 "Cálice ."[14]
Some newspapers adopted strategies—such as printing excerpts from Luís de Camões's 16th-century Os Lusíadas or cake recipes calling for a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of salt—to indicate to readers that the content in those sections had been censored.[15][16] So much material was censored from O Estado de S. Paulo between December 1969 and January 1975 that it printed all 8,116 verses of the Lusíadas twice over.[16]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Reimão, Sandra (April 2014). "'Proíbo a publicação e circulação...' – censura a livros na ditadura militar". Estudos Avançados (in Portuguese). 28 (80): 75–90. doi:10.1590/S0103-40142014000100008. ISSN 0103-4014.
- ^ "Livros sob censura Archived March 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine". Memórias da Ditadura Archived March 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 3 March 2019.
- ^ "DECRETO-LEI Nº 1.077". January 26, 1970. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c "Brasil Republicano". querepublicaeessa.an.gov.br. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
- ^ "Portal da Câmara dos Deputados". www2.camara.leg.br. Archived from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
- ^ a b "Vladimir Herzog | We Cannot Remain Silent". library.brown.edu. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ "Folha de S.Paulo – Internacional – En – Brazil – Family receives new death certificate of journalist killed during Brazilian dictatorship – 16/03/2013". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ "Folha de S.Paulo – "Manifesto dos Intelectuais" pediu o fim da censura em janeiro de 77 – 3/4/1994". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ Lichote, Leonardo (September 14, 2020). "A ditadura brasileira contra Caetano Veloso: os arquivos completos da repressão". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ "Exile of Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil | We Cannot Remain Silent". library.brown.edu. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ Briso, Caio Barretto; Phillips, Tom (July 29, 2020). "'It's just madness': Brazil music legend Caetano Veloso on Bolsonaro". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ "Há 50 anos, prisão de Gil e Caetano elevava terror pós-AI-5 e matava a tropicália". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). December 26, 2018. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ "How Caetano Veloso Revolutionized Brazil's Sound and Spirit". The New Yorker. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ a b Perrone, Charles A. (2002). "Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics in Contemporary Brazilian Popular Music". Luso-Brazilian Review. 39 (1): 65–78. ISSN 0024-7413. JSTOR 3513834. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
- ^ "How Cake Became a Form of Resistance Under Brazil's Military Dictatorship". www.vice.com. January 17, 2019. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
- ^ a b "Memorial da Democracia – Notícia censurada dá lugar a Camões". Memorial da Democracia. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.