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Adelbert von Chamisso (German pronunciation: [ˈaːdl̩bɛʁt fɔn ʃaˈmɪso]; 30 January 1781 – 21 August 1838) was a German poet, writer and botanist. He was commonly known in French as Adelbert de Chamisso (or Chamissot) de Boncourt, a name referring to the family estate at Boncourt.
Adelbert von Chamisso | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Louis Charles Adélaïde de Chamissot 30 January 1781 |
| Died | 21 August 1838 (aged 57) |
| Nationality | Prussian |
| Occupation(s) | Poet and botanist |
| Known for | Peter Schlemihl, the man who sold his shadow, Views and Remarks on a Voyage of Discovery, Description of a Voyage Round the World, description of many trees of Mexico |
| Spouse | Antonie Piaste |
| Parents |
|
| Awards | Prussian Academy of Sciences |
| Scientific career | |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | Cham. |
Life
editThe son of Louis Marie, Count of Chamisso, by his marriage to Anne Marie Gargam, Chamisso began life as Louis Charles Adélaïde de Chamissot at the château of Boncourt at Ante, in Champagne, France, the ancestral seat of his family.[1] His name appears in several forms, one of the most common being Ludolf Karl Adelbert von Chamisso.[2]
In 1790, the French Revolution drove his parents out of France with their seven children, and they went successively to Liège, the Hague, Würzburg, and Bayreuth, and possibly Hamburg, before settling in Berlin. There, in 1796, the young Chamisso was fortunate in obtaining the post of page-in-waiting to the queen of Prussia, and in 1798 he entered a Prussian infantry regiment as an ensign to train for a career as an army officer.[citation needed]
Shortly thereafter, thanks to the Peace of Tilsit, his family was able to return to France, but Chamisso remained in Prussia and continued his military career. He had little formal education, although he is a noted alumnus of the French Highschool of Berlin (Französisches Gymnasium), that has existed since 1689 for the express purpose of accommodating the children of exiled French nobles. While in the Prussian military service in Berlin he assiduously studied natural science for three years. In collaboration with Varnhagen von Ense, in 1803 he founded the Berliner Musenalmanach, the publication in which his first verses appeared. The enterprise was a failure, and, interrupted by the Napoleonic wars, it came to an end in 1806. It brought him, however, to the notice of many of the literary celebrities of the day and established his reputation as a rising poet.[1]
Chamisso had become a lieutenant in 1801, and in 1805 he accompanied his regiment to Hamelin, where he shared in the humiliation of the town's capitulation the next year. Placed on parole, he went to France, but both his parents were dead; returning to Berlin in the autumn of 1807, he obtained his release from the Prussian service early the following year. Homeless and without a profession, disillusioned and despondent, Chamisso lived in Berlin until 1810, when through the services of an old friend of the family he was offered a professorship at the lycée at Napoléonville in the Vendée.[1]
He set out to take up the post, but instead joined the circle of Madame de Staël, and followed her in her exile to Coppet in Switzerland, where, devoting himself to botanical research, he remained nearly two years. In 1812 he returned to Berlin, where he continued his scientific studies. In the summer of the eventful year, 1813, he wrote the prose narrative Peter Schlemihl, the man who sold his shadow. This, the most famous of all his works, has been translated into most European languages (English by William Howitt). It was written partly to divert his own thoughts and partly to amuse the children of his friend Julius Eduard Hitzig.[1]
In 1815, Chamisso was appointed botanist to the Russian ship Rurik,[3] fitted out at the expense of Count Nikolay Rumyantsev, which Otto von Kotzebue (son of August von Kotzebue) commanded on a scientific voyage round the world.[1] He collected at the Cape of Good Hope in January 1818 in the company of Krebs, Mund and Maire.[4] His diary of the expedition (Tagebuch, 1821) is a fascinating account of the expedition to the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. During this trip Chamisso described a number of new species found in what is now the San Francisco Bay Area. Several of these, including the California poppy, Eschscholzia californica, were named after his friend Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, the Rurik's entomologist. In return, Eschscholtz named a variety of plants, including the genus Camissonia, after Chamisso. On his return in 1818 he was made custodian of the botanical gardens in Berlin, and was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1819 he married his friend Hitzig's foster daughter Antonie Piaste (1800–1837). He became a leading member of the Serapion Brethren, a literary circle around E. T. A. Hoffmann.
In 1827, partly for the purpose of rebutting the charges brought against him by Kotzebue, he published Views and Remarks on a Voyage of Discovery, and Description of a Voyage Round the World. Both works display great accuracy and industry. His last scientific labor was a tract on the Hawaiian language. Chamisso's travels and scientific researches restrained for a while the full development of his poetical talent, and it was not until his forty-eighth year that he turned back to literature. In 1829, in collaboration with Gustav Schwab, and from 1832 in conjunction with Franz von Gaudy, he brought out the Deutscher Musenalmanach, in which his later poems were mainly published.[1]
Chamisso died in Berlin at the age of 57. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III (Cemetery No. 3 of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and the New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, to the south of the Hallesches Tor.
Chamisso collected numerous zoological and botanical specimens as well as occasional human bones.[5] His collections are in the care of a number of European museums.
Botanical work
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Chamisso is chiefly remembered for his work as a botanist; his most important contribution, done in conjunction with Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, was the description of many of the most important trees of Mexico in 1830–1831. Also, his Bemerkungen und Ansichten, published in an incomplete form in Kotzebue's Entdeckungsreise (Weimar, 1821) and more completely in Chamisso's Collected Works (1836), and the botanical work, Übersicht der nutzbarsten und schädlichsten Gewächse in Norddeutschland (Review of the Most Useful and the Most Noxious Plants of North Germany, with Remarks on Scientific Botany), of 1829, are esteemed for their careful treatment of their subjects.[1] In 1824 he became a member of the Regensburg Botanical Society.[6]
The genera Chamissoa Kunth (Amaranthaceae) and Camissonia Link (Onagraceae) and many species were named in his honor.[7]
Belles-lettres
editChamisso's earliest writings, which include a verse translation of the tragedy Le Comte de Comminge in which "heilsam" is used in place of "heilig", show a 20-year-old still struggling to master his new language, and a number of his early poems are in French. Between 1801 and 1804 he became closely associated with other writers and edited their journal.
As a poet Chamisso's reputation stands high. Frauenliebe und -leben (1830), a cycle of lyrical poems set to music by Robert Schumann, by Carl Loewe, and by Franz Paul Lachner, is particularly famous. Composers such as Pauline Volkstein also used Chamisso’s texts in their compositions. Also noteworthy are Schloss Boncourt and Salas y Gomez. He often deals with gloomy or repulsive subjects; and even in his lighter and gayer productions there is an undertone of sadness or of satire. In the lyrical expression of the domestic emotions he displays a fine felicity, and he knew how to treat with true feeling a tale of love or vengeance. Die Löwenbraut may be taken as a sample of his weird and powerful simplicity; and Vergeltung is remarkable for a pitiless precision of treatment. The first collected edition of Chamisso's works was edited by Hitzig and published in six volumes in 1836.[1]
Legacy
editOtto von Kotzebue named Chamisso Island after him.[9] Chamisso is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Chilean snake, Philodryas chamissonis.[10]
Literary work
editHe is the author of the famous story, Peter Schlemihl, about a man who sold his shadow and the poet of the short poem "Tragic Story" which tells about a wise monk without the knowledge of common sense who tries to change the direction of his pigtail.[11]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chamisso, Adelbert von". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 825–826.
- ^ Rodolfo E.G. Pichi Sermolli. 1996. Authors of Scientific Names in Pteridophyta. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-0-947643-90-4
- ^ Daum, Andreas W. (2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise". In Berghoff, Hartmut (ed.). Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I. Berghahn Books. pp. 79–102.
- ^ "Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa" - Gunn & Codd (1981)
- ^ Matthias Glaubrecht, Nils Seethaler, Barbara Teßmann, & Katrin Koel-Abt, 2013. The potential of biohistory: Re-discovering Adelbert von Chamisso’s skull of an Aleut collected during the “Rurik” Expedition 1815–1818, in: Alaska. Zoosystematics and Evolution 89 (2): 317–336.
- ^ "History". Regensburg Botanical Society. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- ^ Brummitt, R. K.; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-085-6.
- ^ International Plant Names Index. Cham.
- ^ "Chuckchi Sea Unit, AMNWR". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Chamisso", p. 51).
- ^ Adelbert, von Chamisson; William, Makepeace Thackeray. "Tragic Story".
Books
edit- Beidleman, Richard G. (2006). California's Frontier Naturalists. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 48–70. ISBN 978-0-520-92750-6.
- Garland, Mary; Garland, Henry B. (1997). The Oxford companion to German literature (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815896-7.
- Mornin, Edward (1999). "Adelbert Von Chamisso: A German Poet-Naturalist and His Visit to California". California History. 78 (1): 2–13. doi:10.2307/25462523. ISSN 0162-2897. JSTOR 25462523.
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.
- Sterling, Paul Gary (2011). "The Voyage of the Rurik: An Historic 1816 Russian Voyage to San Francisco Bay". The Argonaut. 22 (2): 6–35.
External links
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- Works by Adelbert von Chamisso at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Adelbert von Chamisso at the Internet Archive
- Works by Adelbert von Chamisso at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl, 2005 translation by Michael Haldane
- Biographical sketch (1893) at Google Books
- Hall of Fame-Medusozoa
- Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss and Adelbert von Chamisso: Enumeratio filicum quas in itinere circa terram legit cl. Adalbertus de Chamisso etc. 1824, on GoogleBooks
- Biography and works on Zeno
- Adelbert von Chamisso at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Adelbert von Chamisso at Library of Congress, with 106 library catalogue records