Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence (14 December 1709 – 19 October 1760) was a British military officer who, as lieutenant governor and subsequently governor of Nova Scotia, is perhaps best known for overseeing the Expulsion of the Acadians and settling the New England Planters in Nova Scotia. He was born in Plymouth, England, and died in Halifax, Nova Scotia. According to historian Elizabeth Griffiths, Lawrence was seen as a "competent", "efficient" officer with a "service record that had earned him fairly rapid promotion, a person of considerable administrative talent who was trusted by both Cornwallis and Hopson."[1] He is buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Church (Halifax).
Charles Lawrence | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 14 December 1709 Plymouth, England |
| Died | 19 October 1760 (aged 50) Halifax, Nova Scotia |
| Allegiance | British |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Battles / wars | |
| Other work | Governor of Nova Scotia |
Early career
editLawrence was born in Plymouth (Devon) on 14 December 1709. He followed his father, General Charles John Lawrence, who is said to have served in Flanders under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, into a military career.
Charles Lawrence's earlier life is obscure. He was commissioned in the 11th Regiment of Foot and served in the West Indies from 1733 until 1737. He then served in the War Office. He was made lieutenant in 1731 and then captain in 1745. He was wounded while serving with the 54th Foot in the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745.[2]
Father Le Loutre's War
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During Father Le Loutre's War, in 1749 he transferred again, to the 40th Foot. He participated in the Battle at Chignecto (1749) and then built Fort Lawrence on the south bank of the Missaguash River in the fall of 1750, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel the same year. In 1753, he directed the settlement of the Foreign Protestants at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, and suppressed the settlers' rebellion there.[3] Lawrence mobilized rangers to prevent the Acadian Exodus as well as fight the Mi'kmaq.
French and Indian War
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During the French and Indian War, in conjunction with Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts, he helped raise forces for the Battle of Fort Beauséjour on 16 June 1755. He wrote the deportation order, and orchestrated the various campaigns of the Expulsion of the Acadians, beginning with the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755). After the native Raid on Lunenburg (1756), he placed a bounty on male native scalps.
Lawrence commissioned several armed patrol vessels to patrol the Nova Scotia coast as part of a provincial marine, including the ten-gun brigantine Montague in 1759.
As governor of Nova Scotia, Lawrence saw the settlement of the Acadian lands by New England Planters. In 1757, Lawrence was further promoted to the title of brigadier general and commanded one of the three divisions at the successful siege of the French fortress at Louisbourg on Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) in 1758.[citation needed]
He is said to have died of pneumonia in 1760 in Halifax, Nova Scotia and is buried under St. Paul's Church (Halifax).
According to his biographer, Dominique Graham,
Referring to the monument raised to Lawrence’s memory in St Paul’s Church, Halifax, to indicate the late governor’s popularity, Belcher wrote, "In a grateful sense of his affection and services the last tribute that could be paid to his memory was unanimously voted by the General Assembly at their first meeting after the late Governor’s universally lamented decease." These sympathetic remarks by a contemporary with whom Lawrence had sometimes been at odds and the considerations mentioned above should be placed in the scales against the views of historians who condemn him for his inhumanity to the Acadians.[4]
Legacy
edit- He is the namesake of Fort Lawrence, Nova Scotia and Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia, Lawrence St in Lunenburg
- namesake of a British privateer Lawrence[5]
See also
editReferences
editEndnotes
- ^ Griffiths (2005), p. 120.
- ^ Griffiths (2005), p. 420.
- ^ Griffiths (2005), p. 423.
- ^ Graham (1974).
- ^ MacMechan, Archibald (1920). The Log of a Halifax Privateer. Halifax: H.H. Marshall. p. 6.
Texts
- Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604–1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.
- Brasseaux, Carl A. (1987). The Founding of New Acadia: The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765–1803. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-4163-2.
- Brasseaux, Carl A. (1991). "Scattered to the Wind": Dispersal and Wanderings of the Acadians, 1755–1809. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. ISBN 978-0-940984-70-7.
- Brasseaux, Carl A. (1992). Acadian to Cajun: Transformation of a People, 1803–1877. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-61703-111-3.
- Graham, Dominick (1974). "Lawrence, Charles". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Rushton, William F. (1979). The Cajuns: From Acadia to Louisiana. Noonday Press.
- British critique of Lawrence for military government. 1756
External links
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