Wikipedia

Christianity in Israel

(Redirected from Christians in Israel)

Christianity (Hebrew: נצרות, romanized: Natsrút; Arabic: المسيحية, romanized: al-Masīḥiyya) is the third largest religion in Israel, after Judaism and Islam. At the end of 2022, Christians made up 1.9% of the Israeli population, numbering approximately 185,000. 75.8% of the Christians in Israel are Arab Christians. Christians make up 6.9% of the Arab-Israelis.[1]

Israeli Christians
المسيحيين الإسرائيليين
נוצרים ישראלים
Total population
~185,000 (1.9% of the Israeli population) (2022 estimate)
Regions with significant populations
 Israel
Languages
Arabic, Hebrew

Ten Christian churches are formally recognized under Israel's confessional system, for the self-regulation and state recognition of status issues, such as marriage and divorce: the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Latin Catholic Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syriac Maronite Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church.[2] However, the practice of religion is free, with no restrictions on the practice of other denominations. Approximately 300 Christians have converted from Islam according to one 2014 estimate, and most of them are part of the Catholic Church.[3] About 20,000 Israelis also practice Messianic Judaism, usually considered a syncretist form of Christianity. They are mostly classified as being "without a religious affiliation" rather than being classified as either Jewish or Christian.

Arab Christians are mostly adherents of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (60% of Arab Christians in Israel).[4] Some 40% of all Israeli Christians are affiliated with the Melkite Greek Church, and some 30% with the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.[4] Smaller numbers are split between the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, with 13% of Christians, as well as an unknown number of Russian Orthodox Christians, about 13,000 Maronites and other Syriac Christians, 3,000 to 5,000 adherents of Armenian churches, a community of around 1,000 Coptic Christians, and small branches of Protestants. The number of Christians in Israel is higher than in the Palestinian territories.

Israeli Christians are historically bound with neighbouring Lebanese, Syrian, and Palestinian Christians. The cities and communities where most Christians in Israel reside are Haifa, Nazareth, Shefa-Amr, Jish, Mi'ilya, Fassuta and Kafr Yasif.[5] The Christian communities in Israel run numerous schools, colleges, hospitals, clinics, orphanages, homes for the elderly, dormitories, family and youth centers, hotels, and guesthouses.[6] The Christian community in Israel is the one of the few growing Christian populations in the Middle East.[7][8] Israeli Arab Christians generally have higher educational achievements and enjoy higher incomes.[6][9][10][11]

History

edit
See also: Jerusalem in Christianity; Helena, mother of Constantine I; and Crusades

Jesus and the Roman period

edit
 
Yardenit, Jordan River baptismal site

For Christians, the region that is today composed of Israel and Palestine is the Holy Land. According to traditional sources, Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, lived in Roman Judea. The Gospels in the Bible describe Jesus as having been born in Bethlehem (today located in the Palestinian territories) and grown up in Nazareth (today located in Israel).[citation needed]

Christians believe that Jesus was crucified, died, and was buried, yet resurrected; his empty tomb is believed to lie at the site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in the Old City of Jerusalem. The church is considered to be the holiest site for Christians in the world.[citation needed]

Late antiquity and the Muslim conquest

edit

In contrast to other groups of Christians in the Near East such as the largely Assyrian Nestorians, the vast majority of Christians in Judea (later renamed Syria Palaestina) were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the emperors of the Roman Empire and later Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the Ecumenical Patriarchate after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD (which would be part of the Eastern Orthodox Church after the Great Schism), and were known by other Syrian Christians as Melkites (followers of the king).[12] Helena, mother of Constantine I was responsible for the beautification or construction of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and the Church of Eleona on the Mount of Olives; sites of Christ's birth and ascension, respectively.[13]

The Melkites, during the late Roman period and under the Byzantine Empire were Hellenised, and abandoned Western Aramaic languages in favor of Greek. By the 7th century, Jerusalem and Byzantine Syria Palaestina was a major center of Greek and Christian culture in the Orient.[12]

Following Muslim conquests, Christians underwent a process of Arabization in which they abandoned Aramaic and Greek in favor of Arabic.[14][12]

The Crusades

edit

During the middle ages the Holy Land was the scene of several military campaigns between Christians and Muslims. Following the Byzantines' confrontation with the Seljuk Turks and the fear of Turkish expansion, the Byzantine sought aid from the Western Christians. Pope Urban II proposed a holy war, the First Crusade in 1096. The call for a crusade gained momentum, promising indulgences for sins. Despite conflicts with Byzantine leaders, they captured Antioch and eventually Jerusalem. The conquests were marked by brutality and savagery against Muslims and Jews. The Second Crusade (1147-1148 CE) followed a generation later and aimed to recover lost territories. It faced internal strife and external betrayals, and resulted in failure. The Third Crusade (1189-1193 CE) was in response to Saladin's recapture of Jerusalem. Notable European leaders like Richard the Lion-heart fought in the Crusader, however they failed to recapture Jerusalem.[15]

The Fourth Crusade (1201-1204 CE) Initiated by Pope Innocent III, it faced financial and organizational challenges. Deviating from its intended path, the crusade sacked Zara and Constantinople, causing lasting damage to the Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders' actions accelerated the decline of the Byzantine Christians in the Eastern Mediterranean.[15]

The Ottoman Empire

edit
See also: Christianity in the Ottoman Empire

Under the Muslim Ottoman Empire, Christians were considered dhimmis, non-Muslim subjects. Dhimmis were granted the freedom to practice their religion under certain conditions and were given a level of communal autonomy as outlined in the Millet system.[16][failed verification] In exchange for the assurance of their safety and the protection of their property,[16] individuals falling under the dhimmi category were required to pay a tax known as jizya, exclusive to dhimmis.[17] Furthermore, dhimmis were bound by specific rules that didn't apply to Muslim citizens, including the prohibition from attempting to convert Muslims to their religious practices.[18]

Modern period

edit

The territory of present-day Israel came under control of the British following the defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. The British established an administration in the region called Mandatory Palestine. Following the Balfour Declaration (1917) and the visit of the Zionist Commission to Mandatory Palestine (1918), local Christians participated in forming groups which opposed Zionism, called the Muslim-Christian Associations.[citation needed]

During the Israeli War of Independence (1947-1949), Christians experienced mixed treatment from the Israeli forces. Generally, most Christians were allowed to remain in their homes. In other cases, however, Christian villages were depopulated, razed, and had their residents expelled, such as in Iqrit and Kafr Bir'im.[19] Massacres of Christians were conducted at the villages of Eilabun and Al-Bassa. Nazareth, at that time a town with a Christian majority,[20] was spared devastation after agreeing to halt resistance and surrender, and because Israel did not want to visibly provoke an outcry in the Christian world.[21]

According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since the reunification of Jerusalem after the Six-Day War (1967), the Christian as well as Jewish and Islamic holy sites were opened for multinational pilgrims by the Israeli authorities for the first time since 1948, when the Kingdom of Jordan took over the eastern half of the city.[22]

The Christian population in Israel has increased with the immigration of many mixed families from the former Soviet Union (1989-late 1990s), and through the influx of approximately 7,000 Christian Maronites from Lebanon in 2000. Recently, a further increase in Christianity came with arrival of many foreign workers and asylum seekers, some of Christian background (for instance from the Philippines, Eritrea, Ethiopia and South Sudan). As a result, numerous churches have opened in Tel Aviv.[23]

As of 2013, the Government - Christians Forum was formed in Jerusalem, under the umbrella of the Ministry of Public Security, to address the concerns of the Christian leaders and representatives in Israel, and in order to empower the relations between the government and Christian leaders and representatives in Israel.[citation needed]

A 2021 survey by CBS found that 84% of Christians were satisfied with life in Israel. The survey also found Arab Christian women were the most educated demographic in Israel.[11] Concern was expressed by the patriarchs, however, over extremist groups in Israeli society.[11] In 2023, the Latin Patriarch—the head of the Latin Church in the Holy Land—alleged that a shift toward far-right politics under the premiership of Benjamin Netanyahu led to greater attacks on Christians.[24] The president of Israel, Isaac Herzog and the Israeli chief of police condemned the violence against Christians.[25] The Israeli police chief stated the police conducted operations to "eradicate" the phenomena.[25] However, Christians have said they do not necessarily feel protected by authorities.[24][26][27]

In March 2023, Knesset legislators Moshe Gafni and Yaakov Asher submitted a bill that would have banned proselytizing of Christianity in Israel.[28][29][30] Due to an uproar from Evangelical Christians in America, who generally support Israel, Prime Minister Netanyahu announced that the bill would not move forward.[31]

Affiliations

edit

Catholic Church

edit
 
St. Elijah Cathedral of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, in Haifa.
Main article: Catholic Church in Israel

Six of the particular churches of the Catholic Church have jurisdiction within Israel: the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (by far the largest Catholic church in Israel),[4][32] the Latin Church (by far the dominant Catholic church worldwide), the Armenian Catholic Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church and the Maronite Church. According to 2020 estimates, Catholics make up more than half of all Christians in Israel.[33] The majority are of Arab descent, while there is a small community of Hebrew Catholics.[34]

Eastern Orthodox churches

edit
 
The Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, in Jerusalem.
Main article: Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Around 30% of Christians in Israel are adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church,[4] mostly to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which has jurisdiction over all Israel and Palestine. Eastern Orthodox Christians in Israel and Palestine have many churches, monasteries, seminaries, and other religious institutions all over the land, particularly in Jerusalem. Israel also has many followers of the Russian Orthodox Church, mainly through interfaith marriages and immigration from the former Soviet Union (1989–1990s).

Oriental Orthodox churches

edit
Main articles: Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Monastery of Saint Mark

Oriental Orthodoxy in Israel is represented mainly by adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, represented by the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, and adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church.[35]

Protestantism

edit

Since the foundation of the State of Israel in 1948, there has been a small Protestant community, composed of both Arab Christians, who changed their religious affiliation to Protestant teachings and European and American residents moving to the area, and divided in several denominations. According to 2020 estimates, Protestants make up less than one in ten of Christians in Israel.[33]

Anglicanism

edit
 
St. George's Cathedral of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East, in Jerusalem.

The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East is a province of the Anglican Communion,[36] whose Bishop of Jerusalem has its seat in the St. George's Cathedral of Jerusalem. Other prominent Episcopal churches in the Holy Land include the Christ Church in Jerusalem (built in 1849, it is inside the Jaffa Gate of the contested Old City of Jerusalem) and the Christ Church in Nazareth (built in 1871); they were both built during the Ottoman rule of the Holy Land.[37] The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East counts 35,000 members, scattered all over the region while the Diocese of Jerusalem counts 7,000 members and 29 congregations.[38]

Lutheranism

edit

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land is a Lutheran denomination, part of the Lutheran World Federation, that has congregations also in Jordan and State of Palestine. First recognized as an autonomous religious community by King Hussein of Jordan in 1959,[39] the church currently has 2,500 members[40] and six congregations.[41] The cathedral church is the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem, where the Bishop has its seat and that is the only congregation in Israel.

Baptists

edit

The Association of Baptist Churches in Israel, established in 1965,[42] is part of the Baptist World Alliance, is the home mission for Baptist churches in Israel and the "largest network of evangelical churches in the country", counting 18 churches, 1000 baptized members and a community of 3000 people.[43] The Baptist Village (Kfar HaBaptistim), north of Petah Tikva, was established in 1955 as a farming community with "a boarding school for orphans ... now used mainly for conferences and camps."[44]

Jehovah's Witnesses

edit

Jehovah's Witnesses have been present for decades in Israel. By 1999 it was estimated there were about 850 Jehovah's Witnesses in Israel.[45] In 2020, there were 1,957 active members, organised in 31 congregations, while 3,653 people attended the annual celebration of Lord's Evening Meal.[46] Jehovah's Witnesses They have faced some religious persecution in the past century: for instance, in March 1997, a mob of over 250 ultra-orthodox Jews attacked one of their meeting halls.[45]

Mormonism

edit
See also: Judaism and Mormonism

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is present in Israel with 338 members and three congregations.[47][48] Israeli LDS congregants hold their Sabbath services on Saturday.[49] In 1989 the Brigham Young University, sponsored by the LDS Church, established the BYU Jerusalem Center, that has been since active and growing.[citation needed]

Jewish Christians

edit
Main article: Jewish Christianity

Jewish Christians are not considered bona-fide Jews under Israel's Law of Return[50] (see Rufeisen v. Minister of the Interior).

Hebrew Christian movement

edit
Main article: Hebrew Christian movement

The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of Jews who converted to Christianity as a result of Protestant missionary activity. It was incorporated into the later parallel Messianic Jewish movement in the late 1960s.[citation needed]

Messianic Jews

edit
Main article: Messianic Judaism

The number of Messianic Jews in Israel is estimated at around 20,000.[51][52] In 2006, there were at least twelve Messianic congregations in Jerusalem[53]. On 23 February 2007, Israel Channel 2 News released a news documentary about the growing number of Messianic Jews in Israel.[54]

Relations with other religions

edit

Christian–Jewish relations

edit
 
Jehovah's Witnesses preaching in Haifa, Israel

Background

edit

Hebrew-speakers call Christians Notzri (also romanized Notsri), which means Nazarene (originated from Nazareth).[55] The word is cognate to the Arabic Nasrani.

The Israeli Declaration of Independence, issued in 1948, describes the country as a Jewish state but clearly extends religious freedoms to all of its inhabitants by stating that the State of Israel will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions.[56][57]

Tensions

edit
Further information: Price tag policy

Some ultra-Orthodox Jews have been reported to have a decades-old practice of cursing and spitting on Christian clergymen in Jerusalem,[58][59] and there have been cases where churches and cemeteries were defaced by price taggers.[60][61][62][63] When the doors of the Latrun Trappist monastery were set aflame and the phrase "Jesus was a monkey" was painted on its walls in September 2012, the Vatican reacted with a rare official complaint against the Israeli government's inaction.[64] In June 2015, an auxiliary building[65] of the Church of the Multiplication was significantly damaged by an arson attack and its walls defaced by Hebrew graffiti, bearing the words "the false gods will be eliminated" (quoted from the Aleinu prayer).[66][67] This attack was labelled as "terrorism" by Israeli officials.[67] In June and July 2023, Jewish extremists repeatedly stormed a Catholic church and monastery in Haifa, leading to protests by the local Christians and clashes at the site between them and the extremists.[68][69][70] From 2018 to 2023, a total of 157 attacks on Christian sanctities in Israel by extremist Jews were documented.[71]

Prosperity of Christian community

edit

Gabriel Naddaf argues that Israel is the only country in which Christian communities have been able to thrive in the Middle East.[72] However, there has also been criticism by Palestinian Christians of this claim, with such statements being called a "manipulation" of the facts.[73] Members of the Palestinian Christian community claim that such statements attempt to hide the discrimination that Arab Christians face within Israel due to alleged discrimination against Arabs as well as the effect of the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza on the Christian population in these areas.[74]

United Allies

edit
Main article: Ihud Bnei HaBrit

Recently, there has been a steady undercurrent of Arab Christians who seek deeper integration into Israeli society. Under the leadership of Greek Orthodox priest Gabriel Naddaf, United Allies is a political party that advocates Christian enlistment in the Israel Defense Forces and a more distinct societal separation of Christians from Muslims.[75] This separation is partly based on the purported fact that Christians in Israel are not technically Arabs, seeing as they were present in the holy land long before the Arab conquest, hallmarked by the Siege of Jerusalem. This distinction is in the process of being formalized into law, as the Likud government is currently drafting legislation to grant this request.[76]

This new attitude is founded largely by the perception by some that only in Israel the Christian population is growing due to natural increase and no state persecution, seeing the entire Middle East, except Lebanon, as where Christianity is and has been rapidly on the decline. In addition, increasing numbers of Christian leaders and community members are pointing to Muslim violence as a threat to their way of life in Arab majority cities and towns.[77] Sons of the New Testament as a party and a national movement has been met with wide admiration from the Jews of Israel, harshly negative scorn from the Muslim Arabs, and mixed reactions from the Christians themselves. Because of Israel's parliamentary system where each party must attain at least 2% of the popular vote, Sons of the New Testament must be supported by non-Christians to enter the Knesset.

Interfaith institutions

edit
 
Arab Christian cemetery in Haifa

In 2008, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, the chief rabbi of Efrat, established the Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation or CJCUC, the first Orthodox Jewish institution to dialogue with the Christian world on a religious and theological basis. The center, currently located in Jerusalem, engages in Hebraic Bible Study for Christians, from both the local community and from abroad, has organized numerous interfaith praise initiatives, such as Day to Praise, and has established many fund-raising initiatives such as Blessing Bethlehem which aim to aid the persecuted Christian community of Bethlehem, in part, and the larger persecuted Christian community of the Middle East region and throughout the world.[citation needed]

Christian–Muslim relations

edit

A 2012 survey indicated that Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated– but some fear that Muslim intimidation will provoke an exodus to the West.[78] The Christian communities in Nazareth tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel, and Christians in Nazareth occupy the majority of the top positions in the town: three hospitals and bank managers, judges and school principals and faculties.[79] The socio-economic gap between the Christians wealth and Muslim poverty led sometimes to sectarian crises.[80]

Recently there has been an increase of anti-Christian incidents in the Nazareth area, inspired by the rise of jihadist forces in the Middle East. Many Christians have complained of being _targeted by Muslims, whom they believe are trying to either drive them out of cities that have traditionally had large Christian populations, or to "persuade" them to convert.[78] In 1999, for example, radical Muslims in Nazareth rioted as they attempted to wrest land from a major Christian shrine to build a mosque.[78] In one incident during 2014, a flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was installed in front of a church in Nazareth.[81]

There has also been increasing incitement and violence by the Muslims against Christians who voice their support for the Israel Defense Forces. In a recent case, the son of Gabriel Naddaf, a prominent Eastern Orthodox priest who is regarded as being pro-Israel, was severely beaten. Naddaf has experienced considerable hostility from Muslims in recent years.[82][83]

A 2015 study estimated that some 300 Christians were from a Muslim background in Israel.[84]

A 2016 study[85] by Pew research points to the convergence of political views of both Muslims and Christians over issues like– Israel cannot be a Jewish state and a democracy at the same time (Christians: 72%; Muslims: 63%), US being too supportive of Israel (Christians: 86%; Muslims: 75%), Israeli government not making enough efforts to make peace with Palestine (Christians: 80%; Muslims: 72%).

Demographics

edit

Israel has a population of 182,000 Christians. As of 2021, it is the only growing Christian community in the Middle East.[7][8] In 2019, 77.5% of Christians in Israel were Arab Christians, representing 7.2% of the total Arab population in the country.[86]

 
Christians in Israel population pyramid in 2021

Education

edit
 
Catholic school in Haifa: High level Christian schools are among Israel's best performing educational institutions.[87]

Christian schools in Israel are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4% of the Arab schooling sector, about 34% of Arab university students come from Christian schools,[88] and about 87% of the Israeli Arabs in the high tech sector have been educated in Christian schools.[89][90]

High school and matriculation exams

edit

In 2012, the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics noted that when taking into account the data recorded over the years, Arab Christians fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel.[91] In 2016 Arab Christians had the highest rates of success at matriculation examinations, namely 73.9%, both in comparison to Muslim and Druze Israelis (41% and 51.9% respectively), and to the students from the different branches of the Hebrew (majority Jewish) education system considered as one group (55.1%).[92][93]

Higher education

edit

According to various reports, Arab Christians are one of the most educated groups in Israel.[11][94][95][96] According to data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (2023), Arab Christians in Israel have one of the highest levels of educational attainment among all religious communities.[11] Specifically, 55% of Arab Christians have completed college degree or postgraduate education.[97] According to data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (2019), Arab Christian students were less likely than their Arab Muslim counterparts to pursue fields such as teacher training, business, or paramedical studies. However, a higher proportion of Arab Christian students chose to study fields such as law, medicine, computer sciences, mathematics, engineering and architecture.[98] In 2023, the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics revealed that Arab Christian women were the most highly educated demographic in Israel.[11]

According to a 2016 study by the Pew Research Center, 33% of Jews (based on a sample of 3,020) have a college degree (ranging from 13% for Haredi to 45% for Hiloni), compared to 18% for Christians (based on a sample of 375).[99][100]

The percentage of Arab Christian women who are receiving higher education is also higher than that of other groups.[101] The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was higher among Christian Arab students than that of all other sectors.[102] In 2013, Arab Christian students were also the vanguard in terms of eligibility for higher education,[91] as the Christian Arab students had the highest rates of receiving Psychometric Entrance Test scores which make them eligible for acceptance into universities, data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics show that 61% of Arab Christians were eligible for university studies, compared to 50% of Jewish, 45% of Druze, and 35% of Muslim students.[103]

Socio-economic

edit

In terms of their socio-economic situation, Arab Christians are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Arab population.[104] They have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment which is 4.9% compared to 6.5% among Jewish men and women.[105] They have also the highest median household income among Arab citizens of Israel and second highest median household income among the Israeli ethno-religious groups.[106] Arab Christians also have a high presentation in science and in the white collar professions.[107] In Israel, Arab Christians are portrayed as a hard-working and upper-middle-class educated ethno-religious minority. According to study the majority of Christians in Israel (68.2 per cent) are employed in the service sector, i.e. banks, insurance companies, schools, tourism, hospitals etc.[6]

Political affiliation among Israeli Arab Christians, 2015[108]
Hadash
 
 35%
Balad
 
 14%
Israeli Labor Party
 
 9%
Meretz
 
 6%
Ra'am
 
 4%
Kadima
 
 2%
Yesh Atid
 
 2%
Yisrael Beytenu
 
 1%
No party
 
 26%

Largest communities

edit

In 2019, approximately 70.2% of Arab Christians resided in the Northern District, 13.3% in the Haifa District, 9.5% in the Jerusalem District, 3.4% in the Central District, 2.7% in the Tel Aviv District and 0.5% in the Southern District.[109] Approximately 23.5% of Non-Arab Christians resided in the Tel Aviv District, 19.4% in the Haifa District, 17.5% in the Central District, 14.4% in the Northern District, 14.3% in the Southern District and 9.8% in the Jerusalem District.[110]

Nazareth has the largest Christian Arab population, followed by Haifa.[109] The majority of Haifa's Arab minority is Christian.[111] The Christian Arab communities in Nazareth and Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel.[112][80] Arab Christians also live in a number of other localities in the Galilee; such as Abu Snan, Arraba, Bi'ina, Deir Hanna, I'billin, Jadeidi-Makr, Kafr Kanna, Muqeible, Ras al-Ein, Reineh, Sakhnin, Shefa-Amr, Tur'an and Yafa an-Naseriyye.[113]

Localities such as Eilabun, Jish, Kafr Yasif and Rameh are predominantly Christians,[5] and nearly all the population of Fassuta and Mi'ilya are Melkite Christians.[114] Some Druze villages, such as Daliyat al-Karmel,[115] Ein Qiniyye, Hurfeish, Isfiya, Kisra-Sumei, Maghar, Majdal Shams and Peki'in, have small Christian Arab populations.[116] Mixed cities such as Acre, Jerusalem, Lod, Ma'alot-Tarshiha, Nof HaGalil, Ramla and Tel Aviv-Jaffa have significant Christian Arab populations.[116]

Largest Christian communities as of 2017[117] and 2018:[118]
Northern District Haifa District Jerusalem District Tel Aviv Central District
City Christian
population 		% of
total pop. 		Data from: City Christian population % of
total pop. 		Data from: City Christian population % of
total pop. 		Data from: City Christian population % of
total pop. 		Data from: City Christian population % of
total pop. 		Data from:
Nazareth 21,900 28.6% 2018 Haifa 20,000: (of them 16.100 Arab Chr.) 7.1% 2018 Jerusalem 16,000: (of them 12.700 Arab Chr.) 1.8% 2018 Tel Aviv 7,000: (majority of them non-Arab Chr.) 1% 2018 Ramla 3,500 4.7% 2019[119]
Shefa-'Amr 10,300 25.1% 2018 Isfiya 1,700 13.7% 2019[120] Lod 800 1.0% 2019[121]
Nof HaGalil 7,500 18.1% 2019[122] Daliyat al-Karmel 17 0.1% 2017[115]
I'billin 5,600 42.8% 2017
Kafr Yasif 5,200 52.2% 2017
Maghar 4,700 21.0% 2017
Acre 4,235 8.5% 2019[123]
Eilabun 4,000 70.8% 2017
Rameh 3,800 50.0% 2017
Yafa an-Naseriyye 3,500 18.5% 2017
Mi'ilya 3,200 97.4% 2017
Fassuta 3,100 99.8% 2017
Reineh 2,900 15.4% 2017
Kafr Kanna 2,200 10.1% 2017
Abu Snan 2,100 15.4% 2017
Ma'alot-Tarshiha 2,100 10.1% 2017
Jish 1,900 63.5% 2017
Tur'an 1,600 11.4% 2017
Sakhnin 1,600 5.2% 2017
Jadeidi-Makr 1,520 7.2% 2019[124]
Peki'in 1,222 20.8% 2019[125]
Deir Hanna 1,000 10.0% 2017
Bi'ina 600 7.4% 2017
Kisra-Sumei 317 3.6% 2019[124]
Arraba 310 1.2% 2017
Muqeible 220 10.0% 2017
Hurfeish 200 3.2% 2017
Yarka 17 0.1% 2019[126]
Majdal Shams 11 0.1% 2019[127]
Ein Qiniyye 10 0.5% 2019[128]
  • Note: The overwhelming majority of the Christians in the Northern District are Arab Christians.

Religiosity

edit
 
Catholic Mass in the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth.

Christians in Israel are generally more religious than Israeli Jews and Druze. Over half (57%) say religion is very important in their lives.[129] About one third (34%) pray daily and 38% report that they attend church at least once a week.[129] Israeli Christians also are more likely than Jews and Druze to participate in weekly worship services.[129] Nearly all (94%) Israeli Christians believe in God, of whom 79% say they are absolutely certain.[129]

Beliefs and practices

edit

According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2015, 60% of Christians in Israel fast during Lent,[130] Most (81%) also said that they have icons of saints or other holy figures in their home. Of them, 83% claimed that their icons were anointed with holy oil.[130] The survey also found that the majority of Israeli Christians (89%) say the Bible is the word of God, of whom 65% believe that the Bible should be taken literally.[130] 33% of Christians believe that Jesus will return during their lifetime, which was similar to the number of Muslims who held that belief (33%).[130]

The majority of Christians are not comfortable with their child marrying outside of the faith.[130]

Identity

edit

Christians in Israel are more likely than Jews, Muslims, and Druze to say they are proud of their identity.[131] About 89% say they have a strong sense of belonging to the Christian community.[131] Two thirds believe that they have a special responsibility to help fellow members of their religious group who are in need around the world.[131]

The nature of Christian identity varies among Christians as well. Christians in Israel are about evenly divided among those who say their identity is mainly a matter of religion (31%),[131] those who say being Christian is mainly about ancestry and/or culture (34%) and those who say their identity is characterized by a combination of religion and ancestry/culture (34%).[131]

Aramean identity

edit

In September 2014, Minister of the Interior Gideon Sa'ar instructed the PIBA to recognize Arameans as an ethnicity separate from Israeli Arabs.[132][133] Under the Ministry of the Interior's guidance, people born into Christian families or clans who have either Aramaic or Maronite cultural heritage within their family are eligible to register as Arameans. About 200 Christian families were thought to be eligible prior to this decision.[134] According to an August 9, 2013 Israel Hayom article, at that time an estimated 10,500 persons were eligible to receive Aramean ethnic status according to the new regulation, including 10,000 Maronites (which included 2,000 former SLA members) and 500 Syriac Catholics.[135]

The first person to receive the "Aramean" ethnic status in Israel was 2 year old Yaakov Halul in Jish on October 20, 2014.[136]

Another milestone in recognizing Aramean minority as a distinct culture in Israel was made by Israeli court in 2019, which ruled that the Aramean minority could choose Jewish or Arab education, rather than making children with Aramean identity to be automatically designated to Arabic-language schools.[137]

The recognition of the Aramean ethnicity led to mixed reactions among Israeli minorities, the Christian community, and among the general Arab Israeli population. While some celebrated the success of their long legal struggle to be recognized as a non-Arab ethnic minority, other members of the Arab community in Israel denounced it as an attempt to divide Arab Christians.[138] Representatives of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem officially denounced the move.[138]

Many in Israeli academia advocate the recognition of the Aramean identity and have called on the government of Israel to promote the awareness regarding this issue on the basis of the international principle of ethnic self-determination as espoused by Wilson's 14 points.[139] One of the staunchest supporters of the recognition of the Aramean identity is Gabriel Naddaf, who is one of the leaders of the Christians in Israel. He advocated on behalf of his Aramean followers and thanked the Interior Ministry's decision as a "historic move".[140]

Maps

edit
  •  
    Geographical distribution of the Arabic-speaking Christian population of Israel by statistical area.[141]
  •  
    Geographical distribution of the Non-Arabic-speaking Christian population of Israel by statistical area.[141]
  •  
    Geographycal distribution of the main ethno-cultural communities Haifa and Northern districts[141]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Christmas 2022 - Christians in Israel". www.cbs.gov.il. 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
  2. ^ "Israel 2022 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). US Department of State. 2022. page 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-10. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  3. ^ Miller, Duane Alexander (April 2014). "FREEDOM OF RELIGION IN ISRAEL-PALESTINE: MAY MUSLIMS BECOME CHRISTIANS, AND DO CHRISTIANS HAVE THE FREEDOM TO WELCOME SUCH CONVERTS?". St Francis Magazine. 10 (1): 17–24.
  4. ^ a b c d "The Christian communities in Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  5. ^ a b "The Christian communities in Israel". mfa.gov.il. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
  6. ^ a b c McGahern, Una (2011). Palestinian Christians in Israel: State Attitudes Towards Non-Muslims in a Jewish State. London, New York City: Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 9780415605717.
  7. ^ a b Chabin, Michele (2023-07-25). "Telling the Story of Christians in Israel". CNEWA. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  8. ^ a b "Israel's Christian community is growing, 84% satisfied with life here – report". The Times of Israel. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  9. ^ Stier, Haya; Khattab, Nabil; Miaari, Sami (15 August 2023). Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. USA: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. ISBN 9781503636132. Christians have, on average, higher educational achievements, marry at an older age, have fewer children, and enjoy larger income... Druze and Muslims share many cultural patterns, and they have a similar socioeconomic standing, but while Druze males have to serve in the military, Muslim men (as well as Christian) do not.
  10. ^ Al-Haj, Majid (2024). Education Among Indigenous Palestinians in Israel: Inequality, Cultural Hegemony, and Social Change. State University of New York Press. p. 92. ISBN 9781438498560.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Israel's Christian community is growing, 84% satisfied with life here – report". Times of Israel. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  12. ^ a b c Thomas, David Richard (2001). Syrian Christians under Islam: The First Thousand Years. BRILL. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-90-04-12055-6.
  13. ^ Socrates, Scholasticus (1853). The ecclesiastical history of Socrates, surnamed Scholasticus, or the Advocate : comprising a history of the church, in seven books, from the accession of Constantine, A.D. 305, to the 38th year of Theodosius II., including a period of 140 years. London: Harvard Divinity School. ISBN 978-0-524-00652-8.
  14. ^ Masalha, Nur (2016). "The Concept of Palestine: The Conception Of Palestine from the Late Bronze Age to the Modern Period". Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. 15 (2): 143–202. doi:10.3366/hlps.2016.0140. ISSN 2054-1988. In the mid-7th century the population of Palestine was predominantly Christian, mostly Palestinian Aramaic-speaking Christian peasants who continued to speak the language of Jesus under Islam.
  15. ^ a b Damen, Mark (2019). "1320: Section 15: The Crusades and Medieval Christianity". www.usu.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  16. ^ a b Lewis (1984) pp. 10, 20
  17. ^ Sharkey, Heather J (2017). A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-139-02845-5. OCLC 987671521.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ^ Sharkey, Heather J (2017). A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. Cambridge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-139-02845-5. OCLC 987671521.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Manna, Adel. "Resistance and Survival in Central Galilee, July 1948–July 1951". Institute for Palestine Studies. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2024. ... most of those living in Christian localities in the Galilee were able to stay put in this part of the homeland – although there are exceptional cases, such as Iqrit and Kafr Bir'im, whose inhabitants were forced to evacuate their villages and were not allowed to return home.
  20. ^ Srouji, Elias. "The Last Days of "Free Galilee": Memories of 1948". Institute for Palestine Studies. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  21. ^ Judd, Robin (1 December 2014). "Derek J. Penslar. Jews and the Military: A History. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013. 376 pp". AJS Review. 38 (2): 477–479. doi:10.1017/s0364009414000488. ISSN 0364-0094. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024 – via Cambridge University Press.
  22. ^ "The Holy Land : Jews, Christians and Muslims" (PDF). Mfa.gov.il. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  23. ^ Adriana Kemp & Rebeca Raijman, "Christian Zionists in the Holy Land: Evangelical Churches, Labor Migrants, and the Jewish State", Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture, 10:3, 295-318
  24. ^ a b Debre, Isabel (13 April 2023). "Holy Land Christians say attacks rising in far-right Israel". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  25. ^ a b Berman, Lazar (9 August 2023). "Herzog, police chief meet Christian leaders to condemn attacks on community". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  26. ^ Jansezian, Nicole (4 August 2023). "Concerns grow over rising attacks against Christian sites in Israel". The Jerusalem Post - Christian World. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  27. ^ Al Jazeera Staff (9 April 2023). "'Death to Christians': Violence steps up under new Israeli gov't". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  28. ^ Rosenberg, Joel C. (19 March 2023). "EXCLUSIVE: Two Knesset members propose legislation to outlaw sharing the Gospel in Israel and send violators to prison – could it become law?". allisraelnews. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  29. ^ "Two Knesset members propose law banning spread of Christianity in Israel - Jordan News | Latest News from Jordan, MENA". Jordan News. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  30. ^ "Christians will face jail in Israel for proselytising under proposed bill". Middle East Monitor. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  31. ^ "Israeli leader halts bill against Christian proselytizing". Associated Press News. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  32. ^ Rioli, Maria Chiara (2020). A liminal church : refugees, conversions and the Latin diocese of Jerusalem, 1946–1956. Brill. p. 136. ISBN 9789004423718.
  33. ^ a b "National Profiles | World Religion". www.thearda.com. The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  34. ^ Chabin, Michele (2013). "Hebrew Spoken Here: Inside Israel's Hebrew-speaking Catholic community". Catholic Near East Welfare Association. New York City. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  35. ^ "Statement – Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 10 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  36. ^ "Member Churches|The Middle East|The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem & The Middle East". Archived from the original on 15 March 2015.
  37. ^ Miller, Duane Alexander (June 2012). "The First Church of the Diocese of Jerusalem: A Work in Progress--or Maybe Not?". Anglican and Episcopal History. 81 (2). Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  38. ^ "Come And See - Suheil Dawani: The new Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem". www.comeandsee.com. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  39. ^ Evangelical Lutheran Church of Jordan and the Holy Land: History and Mission Archived 2012-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ LWF Statistics - Israel Archived 2018-02-03 at the Wayback Machine The Lutheran World Federation
  41. ^ "Overview". elcjhl.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023.
  42. ^ Azar Ajaj, Duane Alexander Miller, Philip Sumpter, Arab Evangelicals in Israel, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2016, p. 56
  43. ^ "Association of Baptist Churches in Israel".
  44. ^ Kjaer-Hansen, Kai; Skjott, Bodil F. (1999). Facts and Myths. About the Messianic Congregations in Israel. Caspari Center, Jerusalem. p. 276 (chapter: Baptist Church). ISSN 0792-0474., Website: The Baptist Village
  45. ^ a b "Refworld | Israel: Treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses, particularly by Orthodox Jews". UNHCR Web Archive. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023.
  46. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses—2020 Country and Territory Reports". Jw.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  47. ^ "Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  48. ^ Edwards, David A. "12 Facts about the Gathering of Israel". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  49. ^ "LDS Sabbath In Israel | Israel Revealed". Israel Revealed. 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  50. ^ Daphna Berman. "Aliyah with a cat, a dog and Jesus". WorldWide Religious News citing & quoting "Haaretz," 10 June 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  51. ^ "2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel and the occupied territories". US Department of State. 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  52. ^ Harpaz, Miriam. "Statistics". jewishisrael.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018.
  53. ^ "Messianic perspectives for Today". Leeds Messianic Fellowship. Archived from the original on 3 August 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  54. ^ "Israel Channel 2 News - 23 February 2007 יהודים משיחיים". 23 February 2007. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
  55. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W., "Nazarene," The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P, pp. 499–500.
  56. ^ "Declaration of Israel's Independence, 1948 | American Experience". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  57. ^ Rubinstein, Elyakim (1998). "The Declaration of Independence as a Basic Document of the State of Israel". Israel Studies. 3 (1): 195–210. doi:10.2979/ISR.1998.3.1.195. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 30246801. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019 – via JSTOR.
  58. ^ "ADL Urges Israeli Chief Rabbinate to Denounce Ultra-Orthodox Practice of Spitting at Christians". Adl.org. 2011-12-07. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  59. ^ Izso, Lauren; Dahman, brahim; Hazboun, Ibrahim (2024-02-04). "Ultra-Orthodox man seen spitting at Christian priest in Jerusalem". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  60. ^ Barkat, Amiram (12 October 2004). "Christians in Jerusalem Want Jews to Stop Spitting on Them". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  61. ^ Derfner, Larry (26 November 2009). "Mouths filled with hatred". Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  62. ^ Crowcroft, Orlando (9 May 2014). "Christians in Israel and Palestine fear rise in violence ahead of pope's visit | World news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  63. ^ Ari, Judah (10 October 2013). "Attack on Jerusalem graves unnerves Christians". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  64. ^ Fortin, Jacey (7 September 2012). "Vatican Official Condemns Israeli Discrimination Against Christians". Ibtimes.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  65. ^ Shpigel, Noa (29 July 2015). "Two Men Indicted for Church of the Loaves and Fishes Arson Attack". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  66. ^ Lynfield, Ben (18 June 2015). "Jewish extremists suspected of torching Sea of Galilee 'loaves and fishes' church in Tabgha". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  67. ^ a b "Sea of Galilee church where 'Jesus fed 5,000,' torched in suspected hate attack". The Times of Israel. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  68. ^ "Hundreds protest against _targeting of Mar Elias church in Haifa". The New Arab. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  69. ^ "Jewish Israelis storm Catholic monastery, perform prayers". Middle East Monitor. 20 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  70. ^ Kattar, Elias (31 July 2023). "Israeli extremists attempt to storm Catholic church and monastery". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  71. ^ "Israeli attacks on Christian sanctities increasing". Middle East Monitor. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024.
  72. ^ Cohen, Ben (21 November 2014). "Israeli Priest Gabriel Nadaf Confident of Greater Christian Recruitment Into IDF (INTERVIEW) | Jewish & Israel News". Algemeiner.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  73. ^ Hass, Amira (26 March 2012). "Christian Palestinians: Israel 'Manipulating Facts' by Claiming We Are Welcome". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  74. ^ "Discrimination & Hate Crimes Against Christian Palestinians in the Holy Land". IMEU. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  75. ^ "Father Nadaf | JPost | Israel News". jpost.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  76. ^ Pilkington, David (10 January 2014). "Historic new law gives boost to Christians in Israel | The Way, Christianity without walls". theway.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  77. ^ Schwartz, Adi (28 December 2013). "Israel's Christian Awakening - WSJ.com". Wall Street Journal. online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  78. ^ a b c "Christians in Israel Well-Off, Statistics Show". Israelnationalnews.com. 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  79. ^ Israeli, Raphael (2014). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781135315146.
  80. ^ a b Mansour, Atallah (2004). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Hope Publishing House. p. 280. ISBN 9781932717020.
  81. ^ "Photos of ISIS flag at key sites send chill through Israel - Fox News". Foxnews.com. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  82. ^ "Father Nadaf: Arab leaders must stop incitement campaign against me". Jpost.com. 9 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  83. ^ "Arab-Israeli Priest to UN: 'Israel Only Safe Haven For Christians in Middle East' (VIDEO)". Algemeiner.com. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  84. ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  85. ^ "5 facts about Israeli Christians". Pew Research Center. 2016-05-10. Archived from the original on 19 November 2024. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  86. ^ "Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 24 December 2019.
  87. ^ Why Angry Christians in Israel Are Crying Discrimination, Haaretz.
  88. ^ "Demonstration of Christian Schools in Jerusalem - Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation". Hcef.org. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  89. ^ Cook, Jonathan (7 September 2015). "With schools starved of funds, Christians question their future in Israel". Middleeasteye.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  90. ^ Ferber, Alona (17 September 2015). "Why Angry Christians in Israel Are Crying Discrimination - Features". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  91. ^ a b Druckman, Yaron (23 December 2012). "Christians in Israel: Strong in education". Ynetnews. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  92. ^ "An inside look at Israel's Christian minority". Israel National News. 24 December 2017.
  93. ^ "Christian Arabs top country's matriculation charts". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  94. ^ "Christians in Israel: A minority within a minority". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  95. ^ "Israel's Christian Awakening". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  96. ^ "Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 24 December 2019.
  97. ^ "Christmas 2023 - Christians in Israel" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 24 July 2018.
  98. ^ "Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 24 December 2019.
  99. ^ Mitchell, Travis (2016-03-08). "7. Education, values and science". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  100. ^ Mitchell, Travis (2016-03-08). "Israel's Religiously Divided Society" (PDF). Pew Research Center. p. 233. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  101. ^ "המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת החינוך". Nrg.co.il. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  102. ^ "CBS report: Christian population in Israel growing". The Jerusalem Post. 25 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  103. ^ "Christian Arabs Most Likely to Graduate High-School in Israel". Breaking Israel News. 25 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  104. ^ "Israeli Christians Flourishing in Education but Falling in Number". Terrasanta.net. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  105. ^ "Christians in Israel Well-Off, Statistics Show: Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated - but some fear that Muslim intimidation will cause a mass escape to the West". Arutz Sheva. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  106. ^ "פרק 4 פערים חברתיים-כלכליים בין ערבים לבין יהודים" (PDF). Abrahamfund.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  107. ^ David, Hanna. "David, H. (2014). Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Studies, 21(3) 175-187. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  108. ^ "Israel's Religiously Divided Society" (PDF). Pew Research Center. March 8, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  109. ^ a b "Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.
  110. ^ "Christmas 2020 - Christians in Israel" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.
  111. ^ Hadid, Diaa (4 January 2016). "In Israeli City of Haifa, a Liberal Palestinian Culture Blossoms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  112. ^ Bligh, Alexander (2004). The Israeli Palestinians: An Arab Minority in the Jewish State. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 9781135760779.
  113. ^ Zeedan, Rami (2019). Arab-Palestinian Society in the Israeli Political System: Integration versus Segregation in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 9781498553155.
  114. ^ "Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages". Ynetnews. Ynet. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018.
  115. ^ a b Daliyat al-Karmel (in Hebrew)
  116. ^ a b "The Arab Population of Israel 2003," Nurit Yaffe, Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, [1] Archived 1 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ^ הרשויות המקומיות בישראל, 2017
  118. ^ Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel CBS of Israel, 29.12.2019
  119. ^ Ramla (in Hebrew)
  120. ^ Isfiya (in Hebrew)
  121. ^ Lod (in Hebrew)
  122. ^ [2] (in Hebrew)
  123. ^ Acre (in Hebrew)
  124. ^ a b Kisra-Sumei (in Hebrew)
  125. ^ Peki'in (in Hebrew)
  126. ^ Yarka (in Hebrew)
  127. ^ Majdal Shams (in Hebrew)
  128. ^ Ein Qiniyye (in Hebrew)
  129. ^ a b c d "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Religious commitment". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  130. ^ a b c d e "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Muslim and Christian beliefs and practices". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  131. ^ a b c d e "Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Identity". Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  132. ^ Yalon, Yori (17 September 2014). "'Aramean' officially recognized as nationality in Israel". Israel Hayom. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  133. ^ Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018). "Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022.
  134. ^ Lis, Jonathan (17 September 2014). "Israel recognizes Aramean minority in Israel as separate nationality". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  135. ^ עמרוסי, אמילי (August 9, 2013). "אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים". ישראל היום (in Hebrew). Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  136. ^ Newman, Marissa (21 October 2014). "In first, Israeli Christian child registers as Aramean". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  137. ^ Kadari-Ovadia, Shira (17 October 2019). "Israeli court rules that Aramean minority can choose Jewish or Arab education". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 November 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  138. ^ a b Cohen, Ariel (28 September 2014). "Israeli Greek Orthodox Church denounces Aramaic Christian nationality". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  139. ^ Kedar, Mordechai (27 September 2014). "Is There Really an Aramean Nation?". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  140. ^ "New Nationality for Christians: Aramaean". Israel National News. 17 September 2014.
  141. ^ a b c ""8. אוכלוסייה ביישובים ובאזורים סטטיסטיים, לפי דת, סוף 2019"". Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel).
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christianity in Israel.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Israel&oldid=1259718031"
  NODES
Association 5
chat 10
Community 22
deepl 1
HOME 8
Intern 5
iOS 2
languages 3
mac 6
Note 3
OOP 1
os 65
text 4
Training 1
Verify 1
web 2