Chrysin, also called 5,7-dihydroxyflavone,[1] is a flavone found in honey, propolis, the passion flowers, Passiflora caerulea and Passiflora incarnata, and in Oroxylum indicum.[2] It is extracted from various plants, such as the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea).[1] Following oral intake by humans, chrysin has low bioavailability and rapid excretion.[1] It is under basic research to evaluate its safety and potential biological effects.[1]
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
5,7-Dihydroxyflavone
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| Systematic IUPAC name
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | |
| Other names
NP-005901; Galangin flavanone
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.864 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C15H10O4 | |
| Molar mass | 254.241 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chrysin is an ingredient in dietary supplements.[3] As of 2016, there was no clinical use of chrysin,[1] and no evidence for its effect on testosterone levels.[4] In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration did not recommend chrysin be included on the list of bulk drug substances that can be used in compounding under section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.[5]
Occurrence
editA component in various medicinal plants (e.g. Scutellaria baicalensis), chrysin is a dihydroxyflavone, a type of flavonoid.[6] It is also found in honey, propolis, the passion flowers, Passiflora caerulea and Passiflora incarnata, in Oroxylum indicum,[2] carrots,[1] chamomile,[7] many fruits, and in mushrooms, such as the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.[6] It is extracted from various plants,[1] such as the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea).[1]
The amount of chrysin in honey from various plant sources is about 0.2 mg per 100 g.[8] Chrysin is typically found at higher amounts in propolis than in honey.[9] A 2010 study found the amount of chrysin was 0.10 mg/kg in honeydew honey, and 5.3 mg/kg in forest honeys.[10] A 2010 study found the amount of chrysin in propolis was as much as 28 g/L.[10] A 2013 study found the amount of chrysin in various mushrooms from the island of Lesvos, Greece, varied between 0.17 mg/kg in Lactarius deliciosus to 0.34 mg/kg in Suillus bellinii.[10]
Bioavailability
editThe effects of chrysin are reliant on its bioavailability and solubility.[10] Following oral intake by humans, chrysin has low bioavailability and rapid excretion.[1] As a result, it is poorly absorbed.[1]
A 1998 study determined that the highest amounts in plasma was from 12 to 64 nM.[10] As of 2015, the serum levels of chrysin have not been cited in the literature.[10] Following oral intake by humans, the bioavailability was reported to be from 0.003% to 0.02%.[10]
Oral and topical application
editThere is insufficient information to determine how long chrysin has been used in pharmacy compounding.[11] Chrysin is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, but there is no information on systemic exposure from topical application.[3] As of 2016, there was no evidence to support any effect of oral chrysin on testosterone levels,[4] or an any disease-modifying activity with oral or topical formulations.[12]
Safety
editA daily consumed amount of chrysin of 0.5 to 3 g is considered safe.[6] As of 2016, there was no toxicity attributable to chrysin in clinical trials or adverse event reporting.[13] As of 2016, clinical safety issues have not been identified.[14] As of 2016, nonclinical data suggest potential concerns.[14] In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration did not recommend chrysin be included on the list of bulk drug substances that can be used in compounding under section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act based on consideration of the following criteria: (1) physicochemical characterization; (2) safety; (3) effectiveness; and (4) historical use of the substance in compounding.[5]
Research
editAs of 2016, there is no evidence for chrysin being used in human clinical applications.[1] Research showed that orally administered chrysin does not have clinical activity as an aromatase inhibitor.[1][15] Nanoformulations of polyphenols, including chrysin, are made using various carrier methods, such as liposomes and nanocapsules.[16]
Bibliography
edit- Brave M (23 June 2016). "Chrysin" (PDF). Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, Division of Oncology Products, US Food and Drug Administration. pp. 1–13.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Chrysin: Compound Summary for CID 5281607". PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Institutes of Health. 14 July 2018.
- ^ a b Morissette M, Litim N, Di Paolo T (18 May 2017). "Chapter 2 – Natural Phytoestrogens: A Class of Promising Neuroprotective Agents for Parkinson Disease". In Brahmachari G (ed.). Discovery and Development of Neuroprotective Agents from Natural Products. Elsevier Science. p. 32. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809593-5.00002-1. ISBN 978-0-12-809769-4.
- ^ a b FDA 2016, p. 3.
- ^ a b FDA 2016, p. 8.
- ^ a b FDA 2016, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Azimi-Nezhad M (2017). "Protective Effects of Chrysin Against Drugs and Toxic Agents". Dose-response. 15 (2): 1559325817711782. doi:10.1177/1559325817711782. PMC 5484430. PMID 28694744.
- ^ Zhandi, M; Ansari, M; Roknabadi, P; Zare Shahneh, A; Sharafi, M (2017). "Orally administered Chrysin improves post-thawed sperm quality and fertility of rooster". Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 52 (6): 1004–1010. doi:10.1111/rda.13014. ISSN 0936-6768. PMID 28695606. S2CID 28744455.
- ^ Istasse T, Jacquet N, Berchem T, Haubruge E, Nguyen BK, Richel A (2016). "Extraction of Honey Polyphenols: Method Development and Evidence of Cis Isomerization". Analytical Chemistry Insights. 11: 49–57. doi:10.4137/ACI.S39739. PMC 4981221. PMID 27547032.
- ^ Premratanachai P, Chanchao C (2014). "Review of the anticancer activities of bee products". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4 (5): 337–44. doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1262. PMC 3985046. PMID 25182716.
- ^ a b c d e f g Nabavi SF, Braidy N, Habtemariam S, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Manayi A, Gortzi O, Nabavi SM (2015). "Neuroprotective effects of chrysin: From chemistry to medicine". Neurochemistry International. 90: 224–31. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.006. PMID 26386393. S2CID 24391203.
- ^ FDA 2016, p. 11.
- ^ FDA 2016, p. 9.
- ^ FDA 2016, p. 10.
- ^ a b FDA 2016, p. 12.
- ^ Saarinen N, Joshi SC, Ahotupa M, Li X, Ammälä J, Mäkelä S, Santti R (September 2001). "No evidence for the in vivo activity of aromatase-inhibiting flavonoids". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 78 (3): 231–9. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00098-X. PMID 11595503. S2CID 25787862.
- ^ Davatgaran-Taghipour Y, Masoomzadeh S, Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Karimi-Soureh Z, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M (2017). "Polyphenol nanoformulations for cancer therapy: experimental evidence and clinical perspective". International Journal of Nanomedicine. 12: 2689–2702. doi:10.2147/IJN.S131973. PMC 5388197. PMID 28435252.