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Cia-Cia, also known as (South) Buton or Butonese, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the city of Baubau on the southern tip of Buton island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi, in Indonesia.[2] It is written using the Latin and Hangul scripts.
| Cia-Cia | |
|---|---|
| Butonese | |
| Bahasa Ciacia 바하사 찌아찌아 بهاس چيا-چيا | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Baubau, Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 79,000 (2005)[1] |
| Hangul (present) Latin (present) Gundhul (historical) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cia |
| Glottolog | ciac1237 |
Demographics
editAs of 2005, there were 80,000 speakers of Cia-Cia,[1] many of whom also use Wolio, which is closely related to Cia-Cia, as well as Indonesian. Wolio is falling into disuse as a written language among the Cia-Cia, as it is written using the Arabic script, and Indonesian is now taught in schools using the Latin script.[3][unreliable source?]
Cia-Cia has been privately taught to schoolchildren in the Hangul script since 2008. The students are also taught some basic Korean.[4] The program remained active as of 2024.[5]
Geographic distribution
editCia-Cia is spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island, Binongko Island, and Batu Atas Island.[1]
According to legend, Cia-Cia speakers on Binongko descend from Butonese troops sent by a Butonese sultan.[6]
Name
editThe name of the language comes from the negator cia, "no".[1] It is also known as Buton, Butonese, Butung,[1] and in Dutch Boetonees, names it shares with Wolio, and as South(ern) Buton or Butung.[1][7] The ambigous name "Buton", often referring generically to various ethnic and linguistic groups of the Buton area,[8] is said to be of Ternatese origin (butu – "market", "marketplace").[9][10] Names such as "South Buton"[1][7] can be used to disambiguate from Wolio, the historically dominant language of the island.[11]
Dialects
editThe language situation on the island of Buton is very complicated and not known in great detail.[12]
Dialects include Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula (with its subvarieties), and Masiri.[13] The Masiri dialect shows the greatest amount of vocabulary in common with the standard dialect.[1] The Pedalaman dialect uses gh—equivalent to r in other dialects—in native vocabulary, and r in loan words.[14][page needed]
Phonology
editPhonology according to Rene van den Berg (1991).[2]
Consonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | |
| prenasal vl. | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᶮt͡ʃ | ᵑk | |||
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| prenasal vd. | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | s | (ɣ) | h | ||||
| Approximant | β | l | (j) | ||||
| Trill | (r) | (ʁ) | |||||
Notes:
- /k/ is realized as a palatal affricate [t͡ʃ] before high vowels /i/ and /u/
- /r/ is either an alveolar trill [r], or a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] or uvular trill /ʀ/, depending on the dialect
Vowels
editCia-cia has a common five-vowel system.[2][15]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
Orthography
editCia-Cia was once written in a Jawi-like script called Gundhul, based on Arabic, with five additional consonant letters but no signs for vowels.[citation needed]
Hangul
editIn 2009, residents of the city of Baubau set about adopting Hangul, the script for the Korean language, to write Cia-Cia.[16]
The mayor consulted the Indonesian government on the possibility of making the writing system official.[17] However, the project encountered difficulties between the city of Baubau, the Hunminjeongeum Society, and the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2011.[18] The King Sejong Institute, which had been established in Baubau in 2011 to teach Hangul to locals, abandoned its offices after a year of operation, in 2012;[19] it reopened them in 2022.[20] In December 2023, Agence France-Presse again published an article with interviews showcasing the Hangul effort.[21]
In January 2020, the publication of the first Cia-Cia dictionary in Hangul was announced.[20][22][23] It was published in December 2021.[24]
As of 2024, Hangul remains in use in schools and on local signs.[25][5]
| Consonants | Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin |
| /ɡ/ | g | /a/ | a |
| /k/ | k | /e/ | e |
| /n/ | n | /o/ | o |
| /d/ | d | /u/ | u |
| /ɗ/ | dh | /i/ | i |
| /t/ | t | ||
| /r ~ ʁ/ | r~gh | ||
| /l/ | l | ||
| /m/ | m | ||
| /b/ | b | ||
| /β/ | v~w | ||
| /ɓ/ | bh | ||
| /p/ | p | ||
| /s/ | s | ||
| /ʔ/ | ’ | ||
| /ŋ/ | ng | ||
| /dʒ/ | j | ||
| /tʃ/ | c | ||
| /h/ | h | ||
| Consonants[27] | Vowels[15] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Hangul | IPA | Hangul |
| /ɡ/ | ㄱ | /a/ | ㅏ |
| /k/ | ㄲ | /e/ | ㅔ |
| /n/ | ㄴ | /o/ | ㅗ |
| /d/ | ㄷ | /u/ | ㅜ |
| /ɗ/ | ㅌ | /i/ | ㅣ |
| /t/ | ㄸ | (null) | ㅡ |
| /r/ | ㄹ | ||
| /l/ | ᄙ[a] | ||
| /m/ | ㅁ | ||
| /b/ | ㅂ | ||
| /β/ | ㅸ | ||
| /ɓ/ | ㅍ | ||
| /p/ | ㅃ | ||
| /s/ | ㅅ | ||
| /ʔ/ | ㅡ | ||
| /ŋ/ | ㅇ | ||
| /dʒ/ | ㅈ | ||
| /tʃ/ | ㅉ | ||
| /h/ | ㅎ | ||
| /ʁ/ | ㅋ | ||
- ^ ᄙ is not a separate letter. The medial /r/ and /l/ are distinguished by writing a single letter (ㄹ) for /r/ and double (ᄙ) for /l/. Double ㄹ must be written in two syllables. The final /l/ is written with a single letter ㄹ; for the final consonant /r/, the null vowel (ㅡ) is added. Null consonant and vowel letters (으) are added for initial /l/.[citation needed]
Examples
editWords
editCia-Cia, like Muna, has three sets of numerals: a free form, a prefixed form, and a reduplicated form.[2] The prefixed form is used before units of 10 (pulu), 100 (hacu), and 1,000 (riwu), and before classifiers and measure nouns. The reduplicated form is used after units of ten when counting. ompulu is an irregular exception.[2]
| Latin | Hangul | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | dise, ise | 디세, 이세 |
| 2 | rua, ghua | 루아, 쿠아 |
| 3 | tolu | 똘루 |
| 4 | pa'a | 빠아 |
| 5 | lima | 을리마 |
| 6 | no'o | 노오 |
| 7 | picu | 삐쭈 |
| 8 | walu, oalu |  루, 오알루
|
| 9 | siua | 시우아 |
| 10 | ompulu | 옴뿔루 |
| 29 | rua-pulu-po-picu | 루아-뿔루-뽀-삐쭈 |
| 80 | walu-pulu | 루-뿔루
|
Sentences
editAn example of the Hangul script, followed by the Latin alphabet and IPA:[29][30]
아디
Adi
aɗi
Adi.NOM
세링
sering
seriŋ
often
빨리
pali
pali
very
노논또
nononto
nononto
3R-watch
뗄레ᄫᅵ시.
televisi.
teleβisi
television.
아마노
Amano
amano
Father-3POS
노뽀옴바에
nopo'ombae
nopoʔomɓa.e
3R-tell-3DO
이아
ia
i.a
he
나누몬또
nanumonto
nanumonto
3IR-watch
뗄레ᄫᅵ시
televisi
teleβisi
television
꼴리에
kolie
koli.e
don't
노몰렝오.
nomolengo.
nomoleŋo.
3R-VM-long
Adi often watches television. His father advises him not to watch too much TV.
Rene van den Berg (1991) provides a few more examples.[2]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Cia-Cia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i van den Berg, Rene (1991). "Preliminary notes on the Cia-Cia language (South Buton)". Excursies in Celebes (PDF). Leiden: KITLV. pp. 305–324.
- ^ Butonese – Orientation
- ^ a b Wright, Tom; Fairclough, Gordon (11 September 2009). "To Save Its Dying Tongue, Indonesian Isle Orders Out for Korean". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b Suhartono, Muktita (4 November 2024). "An Indonesian Tribe's Language Gets an Alphabet: Korea's". New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 131.
- ^ a b Mead, David, "Cia-Cia", Sulawesi Language Alliance, retrieved 25 November 2024
- ^ Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis; Grimes, Charles E.; van den Berg, René (1995), "Wolio", in Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.), Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies, Trends in Linguistics. Documentation, vol. 10, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 573–584, doi:10.1515/9783110884012.1.573, ISBN 978-3-11-088401-2, OCLC 896406022
- ^ Visser, Leontine E. (2019), "The Historical Paths of Sahu Ceremonial Textiles", Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien, 98: 121–150, doi:10.4000/archipel.1560, ISSN 0044-8613, OCLC 8599457798,
The island was their "market" or butu in Ternate language. Thus the island became known as Buton.
- ^ Visser, Leontine E. (1989), "Foreign Textiles in Sahu Culture", in Gittinger, Mattiebelle (ed.), To Speak with Cloth: Studies in Indonesian Textiles, Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, pp. 80–90, ISBN 978-0-930741-17-4, OCLC 20970370,
Because of its strategic geographical position, Buton served as a major stopping place for military and merchant vessels, whence it got the name of "market", after the Ternate word butu for marketplace.
- ^ Mead, David, "Wolio", Sulawesi Language Alliance, retrieved 25 November 2024
- ^ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 130.
- ^ Donohue, Mark. 1999. "A grammar of Tukang Besi". p. 6.
- ^ La Yani Konisi; Ahid Hidayat (2001). Analisis kategori kata bahasa cia liwungau (Research report) (in Indonesian). Universitas Terbuka Kendari.
- ^ a b Dessiar, Achmad Rio (27 October 2021). "A Contrastive Study on Korean and Cia-Cia Language Vowels Based on an Acoustic Experiment". Jurnal Humaniora. 33 (3): 182. doi:10.22146/jh.68044.
- ^ "Southeast Sulawesi Tribe Using Korean Alphabet to Preserve Native Tongue". Jakarta Globe. Agence France-Presse. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009.
- ^ Lee Tae-hoon, "Hangeul didn't become Cia Cia's official writing", The Korea Times, 6 October 2010.
- ^ "Adoption of Hangeul by Indonesian Tribe Hits Snag". The Chosun Ilbo. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Yi, Whan-woo (8 October 2012). "Sejong Institute withdrawal to leave Cia-Cia out in cold". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ a b So-hyun, Kim (2 April 2023). "[Hello Hangeul] Sharing the Korean alphabet with the world". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ Anya, Agnes (20 December 2023). "Indigenous Indonesians use Korean letters to save dialect". The Japan Times (Agence France-Presse).
- ^ "Indonesian Minority to Publish Hangul Dictionary to Preserve Ethnic Language". Korea Bizwire. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ Ryu, Il-Hyeong (6 January 2020). "표기문자 '한글' 채택한 인니 찌아찌아족 '언어사전' 첫 편찬" [First dictionary of the language of the Cia-Cia people in Indonesia that adopted Hangul to be compiled]. Yonhap News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 6 January 2020.
- ^ 찌아찌아 ᄙᅡ뽀코어-인도네시아어-한국어 사전 [Kamus bahasa Ciacia Laporo – Indonesia – Korea] (in Cia-Cia, Indonesian, and Korean). Seoul: Youkrack Books. 27 December 2021. ISBN 979-11-6742-261-3. OCLC 1361784532. Wikidata Q127692046.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Wow... Ada Kampung Korea di Sulawesi Tenggara!" [Wow... There's a Korean village in Southeast Sulawesi] (in Indonesian). Kompas TV. 7 April 2017 – via YouTube.
- ^ Kisyani Laksono; Yunisse Fendri; Dianita Indrawati (2017). "Bahasa Ciacia Dan Aksara Kontemporernya". Jurnal Budaya Nusantara (in Indonesian). 1 (1): 55–67. doi:10.36456/JBN.VOL1.NO1.991. ISSN 2355-3367. Wikidata Q127692038.
- ^ Wells, John (20 October 2009). "Cia-Cia". John Wells's phonetic blog.
With one exception, the Cia-Cia phonemes can be mapped onto a subset of those of Korean and are therefore written the same way. The exception is the fricative /v/, which is not found in contemporary Korean, but for which Lee resurrected the obsolete hangul jamo (or Korean letter) ᄫ (U+112B). (ᄫ was used as a symbol for the voiced bilabial fricative.) The Cia-Cia implosives /ɓ/ and /ɗ/ are written with standard hangul jamo, as ㅍ and ㅌ. So the series /t, d, ɗ/ are written with the jamo that in Korean stand for /t*, t~d, th/ respectively, namely ㄸ, ㄷ, ㅌ.
- ^ Numbers in Austronesian languages
- ^ Yu, Jae-Yeon (6 August 2009). "印尼 소수민족, '한글' 공식 문자로 채택" [Hangul adopted as official alphabet of Indonesian minority group]. No Cut News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 15 November 2021.
- ^ Example is part of a textbook: Lee, Ho-Young; Hwang, Hyo-sung; Abidin (2009). 바하사 찌아찌아 1 [Bahasa Cia-Cia 1]. Hunmin jeongeum Society of Korea.
Sources
editThis article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2024) |
- Mustafa Abdullah. 1985. Struktur bahasa Cia-Cia. Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Sulawesi Selatan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- Cho, Tae-Young (26 November 2012). "Cia-Cia Language: From The Era of Oral to the Era of Writing" (PDF). Humaniora. 24 (3): 324–332. doi:10.22146/jh.1374. ISSN 2302-9269.
