Wikipedia

Clouding of consciousness

"Brain fog" redirects here. Not to be confused with Brain fag or Mild cognitive impairment.

Clouding of consciousness, also called brain fog or mental fog,[1][2] occurs when a person is slightly less wakeful or aware than normal.[3] They are less aware of time and their surroundings, and find it difficult to pay attention.[3] People describe this subjective sensation as their mind being "foggy".[4]

Background

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The term clouding of consciousness has always denoted the main pathogenetic feature of delirium since physician Georg Greiner[5] pioneered the term (Verdunkelung des Bewusstseins) in 1817.[6] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has historically used the term in its definition of delirium.[7] The DSM-III-R and the DSM-IV replaced "clouding of consciousness" with "disturbance of consciousness" to make it easier to operationalize, but it is still fundamentally the same thing.[8] Clouding of consciousness may be less severe than delirium on a spectrum of abnormal consciousness.[3][9][10] Clouding of consciousness may be synonymous with subsyndromal delirium.[11]

Subsyndromal delirium differs from normal delirium by being overall less severe, lacking acuteness in onset and duration, having a relatively stable sleep-wake cycle, and having relatively stable motor alterations.[12] Subsyndromal delirium's significant clinical features are inattention, thought process abnormalities, comprehension abnormalities, and language abnormalities.[12] Delirium's full clinical manifestations may never be reached.[11] Among intensive care unit patients, subsyndromal subjects were as likely to survive as patients with a Delirium Screening Checklist score of 0, but required extended care at rates greater than 0-scoring patients (although lower rates than those with full delirium)[11] or have a decreased post-discharge level of functional independence vs. the general population but still more independence than full delirium.[12]

In clinical practice, no standard test is exclusive and specific; therefore, the diagnosis depends on the physician's subjective impression. The DSM-IV-TR instructs clinicians to code subsyndromal delirium presentations under the miscellaneous category "cognitive disorder not otherwise specified".[13]

Psychopathology

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The conceptual model of clouding of consciousness is that of a part of the brain regulating the "overall level" of consciousness, which is responsible for awareness of oneself and of the environment.[3][14] Various etiologies disturb this regulating part of the brain, which in turn disturbs the "overall level" of consciousness.[15] This system of a sort of general activation of consciousness is called "arousal" or "wakefulness".[14]

It is not necessarily accompanied by drowsiness.[16] Patients may be awake (not sleepy) yet still have a clouded consciousness (disorder of wakefulness).[17] Paradoxically, affected individuals say that they are "awake but, in another way, not".[18] Lipowski points out that decreased "wakefulness" as used here is not exactly synonymous with drowsiness. One is a stage on the way to coma, the other on the way to sleep, which is very different.[19][20]

The affected person has a sensation of mental clouding described in the patient's own words as "foggy".[4] One patient said, "I thought it became like misty, in some way... the outlines were sort of fuzzy".[18] Others may describe a "spaced-out" feeling.[21] Affected people compare their overall experience to that of a dream, because, as in a dream, consciousness, attention, orientation to time and place, perceptions, and awareness are disturbed.[22] Barbara Schildkrout, a clinical instructor in psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, described her subjective experience of clouding of consciousness, which she also called "mental fog", after taking a single dose of chlorpheniramine (an antihistamine for her allergy to cottonwood) on a cross-country road trip. She described feeling "out of it" and being in a "dreamy state". She described a sense of not trusting her own judgment and a dulled awareness, not knowing how much time had passed.[1] Clouding of consciousness is not the same thing as depersonalization, though people affected by both compare their experience to that of a dream. Psychometric tests produce little evidence of a relationship between clouding of consciousness and depersonalization.[23]

Brain fog may affect performance on virtually any cognitive task.[1] As one author put it, "It should be apparent that cognition is not possible without a reasonable degree of arousal."[3] Cognition includes perception, memory, learning, executive functions, language, constructive abilities, voluntary motor control, attention, and mental speed. Brain fog's most significant clinical features are inattention, thought process abnormalities, comprehension abnormalities, and language abnormalities.[12] The extent of the impairment is variable because inattention may impair several cognitive functions. Affected people may complain of forgetfulness, being "confused",[24] or being "unable to think straight".[24] Despite the similarities, subsyndromal delirium is not the same thing as mild cognitive impairment; the fundamental difference is that mild cognitive impairment is a dementia-like impairment, which does not involve a disturbance in arousal (wakefulness).[25]

In diseases

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The term "brain fog" is used to represent a subjective condition of perceived cognitive impairment. It is defined as "a phenomenon of fluctuating states of perceived cognitive dysfunction that could have implications in the functional application of cognitive skills in people's participation in daily activities".[26] Brain fog is a common symptom in many illnesses where chronic pain is a major component.[26] Brain fog affects 15% to 40% of those with chronic pain as their major illness.[27] In such illnesses, pain processing may use up resources, decreasing the brain's ability to think effectively.[26]

Many people with fibromyalgia experience cognitive problems[28] (known as "fibrofog" or "brainfog"), which may involve impaired concentration,[29][30][unreliable medical source?][31] problems with short[32]- and long-term memory, short-term memory consolidation,[32] working memory,[33] impaired speed of performance,[32] inability to multitask, cognitive overload,[32] and diminished attention span. About 75% of fibromyalgia patients report significant problems with concentration, memory, and multitasking.[34] A 2018 meta-analysis found that the largest differences between fibromyalgia patients and healthy subjects were for inhibitory control, memory, and processing speed.[34] Many of these are also common symptoms of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and studies have linked the two conditions, to the point that a fibromyalgia diagnosis has been proposed as an indication to screen for ADHD.[35][36][37] It is alternatively hypothesized that the increased pain compromises attention systems, resulting in cognitive problems.[34]

In chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, the CDC's recommended criteria for diagnosis[38] include that one of the following symptoms must be present:[38]

  • Problems with thinking and memory (cognitive dysfunction, sometimes described as "brain fog")
  • While standing or sitting upright, lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness, fainting, or vision changes may occur (orthostatic intolerance)

Lyme disease's neurologic syndrome, called Lyme encephalopathy, is associated with subtle memory and cognitive difficulties, among other issues.[39] Lyme can cause a chronic encephalomyelitis that resembles multiple sclerosis. It may be progressive and can involve cognitive impairment, migraines, balance problems, and other symptoms.[citation needed]

Brain fog is a common symptom of hypothyroidism, with a survey showing that 79.2% of those with the condition reported experiencing brain fog to some extent, either selecting the option for "frequently" or "all the time".[40] While it is unclear how the disease leads to brain fog, proper treatment with levothyroxine has been shown to reduce cognitive impairment.[41]

The emerging concept of sluggish cognitive tempo has also been implicated in the expression of brain fog symptoms.[42]

Patients recovering from COVID-19 report experiencing brain fog, which can reflect a wide variety of neurological and psychological symptoms linked to COVID-19.[43]

Brain fog and other neurological symptoms may also result from mold exposure.[44][45][46][47][48] This may be due to mycotoxin exposure and consequent innate immune system activation and inflammation, including in the central nervous system.[49][44][45][46][47][48] But adverse neurological health effects of mold exposure are controversial due to inadequate research and data, and more research is needed in this area.[49][50][51][44][46][48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Schildkrout, Barbara (2011). Unmasking Psychological Symptoms. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0470639078.
  2. ^ Basavanna, M. (2000). Dictionary of Psychology. Allied Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 8177640305.
  3. ^ a b c d e Plum and Posner's diagnosis of stupor and coma. Oxford University Press. 2007. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0199886531.
  4. ^ a b Augusto Caraceni; Luigi Grassi (2011). Delirium: Acute Confusional States in Palliative Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0199572052.
  5. ^ Georg Friedrich Christoph Greiner (1817). Der Traum und das fieberhafte Irreseyn: ein physiologisch-psychologischer Versuch. F. A Brockhaus. OCLC 695736431.
  6. ^ Augusto Caraceni; Luigi Grassi (2011). Delirium: Acute Confusional States in Palliative Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0199572052.
  7. ^ George Stein; Greg Wilkinson (2007). Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry. RCPsych Publications. p. 490. ISBN 978-1904671442.
  8. ^ Dan G. Blazer; Adrienne O. van Nieuwenhuizen (2012). "Evidence for the Diagnostic Criteria of Delirium". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 25 (3): 239–243. doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283523ce8. PMID 22449764. S2CID 39516431.
  9. ^ Anthony David; Simon Fleminger; Michael Kopelman; Simon Lovestone; John Mellers (April 2012). Lishman's Organic Psychiatry: A Textbook of Neuropsychiatry. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-0470675076.
  10. ^ Fang Gao Smith (2010). Core Topics in Critical Care Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-1139489683.
  11. ^ a b c Sébastien Ouimet; Riker, R; Bergeron, N; Cossette, M; Kavanagh, B; Skrobik, Y; et al. (2007). "Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum". Intensive Care Med. 33 (6): 1007–1013. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0618-y. PMID 17404704. S2CID 20565946.
  12. ^ a b c d David Meagher; Adamis, D.; Trzepacz, P.; Leonard, M.; et al. (2012). "Features of subsyndromal and persistent delirium". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 200 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.095273. PMID 22075650.
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  14. ^ a b Augusto Caraceni; Luigi Grassi (2011). Delirium: Acute Confusional States in Palliative Medicine. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0199572052.
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  37. ^ "Study Suggests Screening Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome for ADHD". 28 December 2017.
  38. ^ a b "Symptoms of ME/CFS | Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)". CDC. 9 February 2021.
  39. ^ Bratton, Robert L.; Whiteside, John W.; Hovan, Michael J.; Engle, Richard L.; Edwards, Frederick D. (May 2008). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 83 (5): 566–571. doi:10.4065/83.5.566. PMID 18452688.
  40. ^ Ettleson, Matthew D.; Raine, Ava; Batistuzzo, Alice; Batista, Samuel P.; McAninch, Elizabeth; Teixeira, Maria Cristina T.V.; Jonklaas, Jacqueline; Laiteerapong, Neda; Ribeiro, Miriam O.; Bianco, Antonio C. (March 2022). "Brain Fog in Hypothyroidism: Understanding the Patient's Perspective". Endocrine Practice. 28 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.12.003. PMC 8901556. PMID 34890786.
  41. ^ Smith, Jeremy W.; Evans, A Tudor; Costall, B; Smythe, James W. (January 2002). "Thyroid hormones, brain function and cognition: a brief review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 26 (1): 045–60. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00037-9. PMID 11835983.
  42. ^ Barkley, Russell A. (2013). Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents. Guilford Publications. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4625-0789-4.
  43. ^ Koralnik, Igor J.; Tyler, Kenneth L. (July 2020). "COVID-19: A Global Threat to the Nervous System". Annals of Neurology. 88 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1002/ana.25807. PMC 7300753. PMID 32506549.
  44. ^ a b c Empting LD (2009). "Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure". Toxicol Ind Health. 25 (9–10): 577–581. Bibcode:2009ToxIH..25..577E. doi:10.1177/0748233709348393. PMID 19854819. S2CID 27769836.
  45. ^ a b Valtonen V (2017). "Clinical Diagnosis of the Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Suggested Diagnostic Criteria". Front Immunol. 8: 951. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00951. PMC 5554125. PMID 28848553.
  46. ^ a b c Harding CF, Liao D, Persaud R, DeStefano RA, Page KG, Stalbow LL, Roa T, Ford JC, Goman KD, Pytte CL (March 2023). "Differential effects of exposure to toxic or nontoxic mold spores on brain inflammation and Morris water maze performance". Behav Brain Res. 442: 114294. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114294. PMC 10460635. PMID 36638914.
  47. ^ a b Ratnaseelan AM, Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC (June 2018). "Effects of Mycotoxins on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Immune Processes". Clin Ther. 40 (6): 903–917. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.05.004. PMID 29880330.
  48. ^ a b c Harding CF, Pytte CL, Page KG, Ryberg KJ, Normand E, Remigio GJ, DeStefano RA, Morris DB, Voronina J, Lopez A, Stalbow LA, Williams EP, Abreu N (July 2020). "Mold inhalation causes innate immune activation, neural, cognitive and emotional dysfunction". Brain Behav Immun. 87: 218–228. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.006. PMC 7231651. PMID 31751617.
  49. ^ a b Viljoen, Margaretha; Claassen, Nicolaas (February 2023). "Pathophysiological aspects of exposure to dampness-associated indoor mould and mycotoxins: A mini-overview". Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 9: 100228. Bibcode:2023JHzMA...900228V. doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100228. hdl:2263/95331. ISSN 2772-4166.
  50. ^ Rudert A, Portnoy J (August 2017). "Mold allergy: is it real and what do we do about it?". Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 13 (8): 823–835. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2017.1324298. PMID 28453304. S2CID 4755858.
  51. ^ Borchers AT, Chang C, Eric Gershwin M (June 2017). "Mold and Human Health: a Reality Check". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 52 (3): 305–322. doi:10.1007/s12016-017-8601-z. PMID 28299723. S2CID 25709697.
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