Coenzyme M is a coenzyme required for methyl-transfer reactions in the metabolism of archaeal methanogens,[1][2] and in the metabolism of other substrates in bacteria.[3] It is also a necessary cofactor in the metabolic pathway of alkene-oxidizing bacteria. CoM helps eliminate the toxic epoxides formed from the oxidation of alkenes such as propylene.[4] The structure of this coenzyme was discovered by CD Taylor and RS Wolfe in 1974 while they were studying methanogenesis, the process by which carbon dioxide is transformed into methane in some archaea.[5] The coenzyme is an anion with the formula HSCH
2CH
2SO−
3. It is named 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and abbreviated HS–CoM. The cation is unimportant, but the sodium salt is most available. Mercaptoethanesulfonate contains both a thiol, which is the main site of reactivity, and a sulfonate group, which confers solubility in aqueous media.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
2-Sulfanylethanesulfonate
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| Systematic IUPAC name
2-Sulfanylethanesulfonate | |
| Other names
2-mercaptoethylsulfonate; 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate; coenzyme M anion; H-S-CoM; AC1L1HCY; 2-sulfanylethane-1-sulfonate; CTK8A8912
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C2H5O3S2 | |
| Molar mass | 141.18 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Biochemical role
editMethanogenesis
editThe coenzyme is the C1 donor in methanogenesis. It is converted to methyl-coenzyme M thioether, the thioether CH
3SCH
2CH
2SO−
3, in the penultimate step to methane formation.[6] Methyl-coenzyme M reacts with coenzyme B, 7-thioheptanoylthreoninephosphate, to give a heterodisulfide, releasing methane:
- CH3–S–CoM + HS–CoB → CH4 + CoB–S–S–CoM
This induction is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase, which restricts cofactor F430 as the prosthetic group.
CH3-S-CoM is produced by the MtaA-catalyzed reaction between a methylated version of monomethylamine corrinoid protein MtmC and HS-CoM. The methylated version of MtmC is in turn produced by a cobamide-dependent methyltransferase that uses trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), or monomethylamine (MMA) as the mehyl donor.[7]
Alkene metabolism
editCoenzyme M is also used to make acetoacetate from CO2 and propylene or ethylene in aerobic bacteria. Specifically, in bacteria that oxidize alkenes into epoxides. After the propylene (or other alkene) undergoes epoxidation and becomes epoxypropane it becomes electrophilic and toxic. These epoxides react with DNA and proteins, affecting cell function. Alkene-oxidizing bacteria like Xanthobacter autotrophicus[4] use a metabolic pathway in which CoM is conjugated with an aliphatic epoxide. This step creates a nucleophilic compound which can react with CO2. The eventual carboxylation produces acetoacetate, breaking down the propylene.[4]
Biosynthesis
editBacteria and archaea use different synthetic routes, albeit both starting with phosphoenolpyruvate.[8]
See also
edit- Mesna – a cancer chemotherapy adjuvant with the same structure
References
edit- ^ Balch WE, Wolfe RS (1979). "Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid)". J. Bacteriol. 137 (1): 256–63. doi:10.1128/JB.137.1.256-263.1979. PMC 218444. PMID 104960.
- ^ Taylor CD, Wolfe RS (10 August 1974). "Structure and methylation of coenzyme M(HSCH
2CH
2SO
3)". J. Biol. Chem. 249 (15): 4879–85. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42403-4. PMID 4367810. - ^ Partovi, Sarah E.; Mus, Florence; Gutknecht, Andrew E.; Martinez, Hunter A.; Tripet, Brian P.; Lange, Bernd Markus; DuBois, Jennifer L.; Peters, John W. (2018-04-06). "Coenzyme M biosynthesis in bacteria involves phosphate elimination by a functionally distinct member of the aspartase/fumarase superfamily". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 293 (14): 5236–5246. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA117.001234. ISSN 1083-351X. PMC 5892593. PMID 29414784.
- ^ a b c Krishnakumar, Arathi M.; Sliwa, Darius; Endrizzi, James A.; Boyd, Eric S.; Ensign, Scott A.; Peters, John W. (September 2008). "Getting a Handle on the Role of Coenzyme M in Alkene Metabolism". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 72 (3): 445–456. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00005-08. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 2546864. PMID 18772284.
- ^ Parry, Ronald J. (1999-01-01), Barton, Sir Derek; Nakanishi, Koji; Meth-Cohn, Otto (eds.), "1.29 - Biosynthesis of Sulfur-containing Natural Products", Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 825–863, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-091283-7.00031-x, ISBN 978-0-08-091283-7, retrieved 2022-05-10
- ^ Thauer, Rudolf K. (1998-09-01). "Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson:1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture". Microbiology. 144 (9): 2377–2406. doi:10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377. ISSN 1350-0872. PMID 9782487.
- ^ Ferguson, Tsuneo; Soares, Jitesh A.; Lienard, Tanja; Gottschalk, Gerhard; Krzycki, Joseph A. (January 2009). "RamA, a Protein Required for Reductive Activation of Corrinoid-dependent Methylamine Methyltransferase Reactions in Methanogenic Archaea". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (4): 2285–2295. doi:10.1074/jbc.M807392200. PMC 2629093. PMID 19043046.
- ^ Wu, Hsin-Hua; Pun, Michael D.; Wise, Courtney E.; Streit, Bennett R.; Mus, Florence; Berim, Anna; Kincannon, William M.; Islam, Abdullah; Partovi, Sarah E.; Gang, David R.; DuBois, Jennifer L.; Lubner, Carolyn E.; Berkman, Clifford E.; Lange, B. Markus; Peters, John W. (6 September 2022). "The pathway for coenzyme M biosynthesis in bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (36). Bibcode:2022PNAS..11907190W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2207190119. PMC 9457059.