The Collinwood school fire (also known as the Lake View School fire) was a major disaster that occurred at the Lake View School in Collinwood, Ohio, when a fire erupted on March 4, 1908, killing 172 students, two teachers and one rescuer. It is one of the deadliest school disasters in United States history.[1]
 The school after the fire | |
 Location of Lake View School | |
| Date | March 4, 1908 |
|---|---|
| Venue | Lake View School |
| Location | Collinwood, Ohio, US |
| Coordinates | 41°34′17″N 81°34′32″W / 41.57139°N 81.57556°W |
| Type | Fire |
| Deaths | 175 |
| Non-fatal injuries | 0 |
Fire
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The Lake View School was vulnerable to fire, as were many similarly designed buildings throughout the nation.[2] During the fire, the school's masonry exterior acted as a chimney, sucking flame upward as the wooden interior burned, and open stairways and the absence of fire breaks enhanced the chimney effect. The building had only two exits, and fire quickly blocked the front door. Children rushed to the rear door, but in a vestibule narrowed by partitions, they stumbled and climbed on top of one another, forming a pile that completely blocked the exit. Although later accounts sometimes described children pinned against inward-swinging doors, Lake View's doors opened outward.[3]
However, the vestibule created an impassable bottleneck for the crowd trying to rush through it. Collinwood's small volunteer fire department and horse-drawn engines arrived too late and were ill-equipped to battle the fire. In less than an hour, the three floors and the roof of the Lake View School collapsed into the basement, leaving only a hollowed-out brick ruin. Almost half of the children and two teachers in the building died.[4]
Cause
editThe origin of the fire remains uncertain, although numerous explanations proliferated. Newspapers circulated many possibilities, sometimes blaming the building's janitor Fritz Hirter for inattentiveness and for running the boiler too hot. Another theory held that the fire was caused by girls smoking in a basement closet near flammable materials.[5] A quickly completed coroner's inquest concluded that heating pipes running next to exposed wooden joists ignited the building. The coroner blamed the fire on "conditions" and held no one legally accountable for it.[6] Many parents condemned the speed of the inquest and objected to its refusal to hold the school board, the architects, Hirter or anyone else responsible.[7] J.H. Morgan, Ohio's chief inspector of public buildings, explained the problem in his annual report to the governor and citizens: "The cause of the fire cannot be determined. Many believe it originated from the heating system or boilers, but proof has been offered to the contrary."[8]
A memorial plaque placed at the site by the state of Ohio in 2003 asserts that the fire was of "unknown origin."[9]
Aftermath
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The town of Collinwood paid for the burial of 19 unidentifiable bodies in a shared grave at Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery. After crews demolished the ruins of the school, disputes about the use of the land quickly arose. In the interests of efficiency and economy, the school board had initially planned to build a new school on the site of the tragedy, but mourning parents objected, and some also filed lawsuits seeking to prevent construction.
After more than a year of dispute, the state purchased the land where the Lake View School had stood, and the town converted it into a memorial garden, designed by Louise Klein Miller.[10][11] The new Collinwood Memorial School, built to the highest standards of fire resistance at the time, was constructed on an adjacent lot.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Introduction: Telling Stories About the Fire". CollinwoodFire.org. Middlebury College. July 21, 2016. Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ^ Ittner, William B. (September 1908). "Modern School Architecture". American School Board Journal. Vol. 37, no. 3. p. 3.
- ^ On the myth of inward opening doors at Collinwood, see Alvin Silverman (April 10, 1938). "Explodes 'Myth' on '08 Collinwood Fire". Cleveland Plain Dealer. p. 1.; "Architect Hirsh Says that All Doors of School House Swung Out". Cleveland Press. March 5, 1908. p. 9.
- ^ For one among many accounts including these details see "How Children were Trapped is Now Easy to Understand". Cleveland News. March 6, 1908. p. 4.
- ^ For some articles attributing the fire to various sources see "School Was Set Afire is Theory of Witness". Cleveland Press. March 5, 1908. p. 1.; "School Horror Laid at Door of Incendiary". Cleveland Leader. March 5, 1908. p. 1.; "School Fire Due to Hot Boilers". Cleveland Leader. March 6, 1908.
- ^ "Fire Horror is Blamed to 'Conditions'". Cleveland News. March 11, 1908.; "Lays Horror at Door of Neglect". Cleveland Plain Dealer. March 11, 1908.
- ^ "Demand Further Probe Into Fire". Cleveland Plain Dealer. March 20, 1908. p. 1.
- ^ Morgan, J. H. (1909). Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Department of Inspection of Workshops, Factories, and Public Buildings (Report). Springfield, OH: Springfield Publishing Co. p. 5.
- ^ "51-18 Collinwood School Fire". Ohio History Connection. 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
- ^ On the state buying land and proposals for a park, see, for example, "Favor Memorial Park". Cleveland Plain Dealer. March 13, 1910.; on legal challenges to rebuild the school on the same spot, see "Collinwood Grief Flares to Anger". Cleveland Plain Dealer. March 5, 1909.
- ^ "Louise Klein Miller". The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
Further reading
edit- Bellamy, John Stark II (1997). "Ash Wednesday Forever: The 1908 Collinwood School Fire". The Maniac in the Bushes and More Tales of Cleveland Woe: True Crimes and Disasters from the Streets of Cleveland. Cleveland, Ohio: Gray & Co. pp. 49–66. ISBN 9781886228191. OCLC 37782901.
- Everett, Marshall (1908). Complete Story of the Collinwood School Disaster and How Such Horrors Can Be Prevented. Cleveland, Ohio: The N.G. Hamilton Publishing Co. OCLC 1042486599.
- Jablonski, Ray (May 22, 2003). "New State Marker Honors Lakeview Fire Victims". Sun News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2003.
- Jablonski, Ray (October 28, 1999). "School could be razed for homes". Sun News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2001.
- Jablonski, Ray (October 28, 1999). "Reaction to proposal is mixed". Sun News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2001.
- Jablonski, Ray (October 18, 2001). "Tragic past leads to present lessons". Sun News. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002.
External links
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Media related to Collinwood school fire at Wikimedia Commons- The Collinwood Fire, 1908
- Encyclopedia of Cleveland entry: Collinwood School Fire
- Dead Ohio Collinwood School Fire[permanent dead link]
- Collinwood Fire Memorial Sculpture, Lakeview Cemetery
- Jablonski, Ray. "The neighborhood never forgets." Sun News. October 8, 1998. Sun Newspaper's 90th anniversary coverage
- Dissell, Rachel. "Collinwood school fire: 100 years later, an angel still kneels over the children." Cleveland Plain Dealer. March 2, 2008. Updated October 17, 2011. Cleveland Plain Dealer's 100th anniversary coverage
- New Memorial School built on the premises of Lakeview/ Old Memorial School.
- Ash Wednesday at Making Light
- In Loving Remembrance – A 24-page commemorative booklet produced in conjunction with an exhibit at Cleveland Public Library on the disaster.
- Collinwood School Fire: March 4, 1908 filmed by William Hubern Bullock
