Cormorant fishing is a traditional fishing technique in which fishermen use trained cormorants to catch fish in rivers. Historically, cormorant fishing has taken place in China and Japan,[1] as well as Greece, North Macedonia, and briefly, England and France. Sometimes known as "duck fishing," it was attested as a method used by the ancient Japanese in the Book of Sui, the official history of the Sui dynasty of China, completed in 636 CE. Though cormorant fishing was once a successful enterprise, its primary use today is to serve the tourism industry. This artisan fishing method is no longer used anywhere except southwestern China, where it is also under threat from competition from more modern methods.[2][3][4]
To control the birds, the fishermen tie a loose snare near the base of the bird's throat. The snare does not stop the bird from swallowing small fish, but prevents the bird from swallowing larger fish, which are held temporarily in their gullet. When a cormorant has caught a fish in its throat, the fisherman brings the bird back to the boat and has it regurgitate the fish.
The types of cormorants used differ based on the location. Chinese fishermen typically employ the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo),[5] while the Japanese cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus) is used in Japan and the neotropic cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianum) in Peru. Darters (birds in the genus Anhinga), which are relatives of cormorants, are also used for this fishing technique on occasion.
China
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In Guilin, Guangxi, cormorants are famous for fishing on the shallow Lijiang River.[4] Elsewhere in southern China, the Bai people have utilized cormorant fishing since the 9th century on the banks of Erhai Lake. Traditionally practised for sustenance, cormorant fishing is now primarily performed for tourists.[6]
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Great cormorants are typically used by Chinese fishers -
Chinese fisherman with his cormorants -
Chinese fisherman with one of his cormorants on Erhai Lake near Dali, Yunnan. The bird's throat snare is visible via the constriction in the bird's neck. -
Fishing with cormorants in China, c. 1894 -
Chinese cormorant fisherman traditionally use bamboo boats -
Contemporary fishing with cormorants on Poyang Lake, China
Japan
editCormorant fishing in Japan is called ukai (鵜飼) in Japanese. Originally, it was done as one of the main fishing methods for ayu (sweetfish) fishing.[7] However, since it is "unique" (as it uses birds and skillful techniques), viewing cormorant fishing, since the Heian period, has been used as amusement for aristocratic classes and warlords in Japan.[7]
Oda Nobunaga started showing cormorant fishing for hospitality in Japan.[8] In 1568, Oda Nobunaga, welcoming a messenger from Takeda Shingen, made a new boat and invited the messenger as a guest to show cormorant fishing.[8] In addition, he chose ayu (sweetfish) with his own eyes and sent it to the guest as a gift at a later date.[8] Tokugawa Ieyasu, after the Summer Campaign (1615) of Siege of Osaka, visited Gifu, enjoyed seeing cormorant fishing and eating ayu.[8] Thus began to offer ayu sushi to the Shogun, and masters of cormorant fishing were allowed to move freely over the river.[8]
Cormorant fishing currently takes place in 13 cities in Japan. The most famous location is Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, home to cormorant fishing on the Nagara River, which has continued uninterrupted for the past 1,300 years.[9] Cormorant fishing in Seki also takes place on the Nagara River, but it is called 'Oze cormorant fishing' (小瀬鵜飼 Oze Ukai). Only the cormorant fishing masters in Gifu and Seki are employed by the emperor and called Imperial Fishermen of the Imperial Household Agency.
- Fuefuki, Yamanashi Prefecture (Fuefuki River)
- Gifu, Gifu Prefecture (Nagara River)
- Seki, Gifu Prefecture (Nagara River)
- Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture (Kiso River)
- Uji, Kyoto Prefecture (Uji River)
- Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture (Ōi River)
- Arida, Wakayama Prefecture (Arida River)
- Miyoshi, Hiroshima Prefecture (Basen River)
- Masuda, Shimane Prefecture (Takatsu River)
- Iwakuni, Yamaguchi Prefecture (Nishiki River)
- Ōzu, Ehime Prefecture (Hiji River)
- Hita, Ōita Prefecture (Mikuma River)
- Asakura, Fukuoka Prefecture (Chikugo River)
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Japanese cormorants are typically used by Japanese fishers. -
Japanese cormorant trained by its master in Japan -
Cormorant fishing master on a boat at night in Gifu, Japan -
Keisai Eisen's print of cormorant fishing on the Nagara River during the Edo period -
Viewing of cormorant fishing as an amusement (a woodblock print of Utagawa Kunisada, 1852)
Peru
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Cormorants are used for fishing on Lake Titicaca by the Uru people in Peru. There are claims cormorant fishing occurred in Peru during the 5th century, 100 years earlier than Japan.[10]
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The neotropic cormorant is used for fishing in Peru
Europe
editCormorant fishing is an old tradition in Greece and North Macedonia,[11] especially on Doiran Lake which lies in the border of the two countries, and it is still practiced today by some traditional fishermen. In Western Europe, cormorant fishing took place from the 16th to 17th centuries, primarily in England and France.[12] In the 19th century, Francis Henry Salvin reintroduced the practice in England by putting on displays and bringing his birds to fisheries exhibitions.[13] This "second phase" of English cormorant fishing lasted until about 1890.[14]
See also
editReferences
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- ^ Jackson, C. E. (1997). "Fishing with cormorants". Archives of Natural History. 24 (2): 189–211. doi:10.3366/anh.1997.24.2.189.
- ^ Manzi, M.; Coomes, O. T. (2010). "Cormorant Fishing in Southwestern China: A Traditional Fishery Under Siege". The Geographical Review. 92 (4): 597–603. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2002.tb00015.x. S2CID 162736384.
- ^ Rose, Gerald (1987). The fisherman and the cormorants. London: Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-31060-8.
- ^ a b "Heart of the Dragon: Cormorant fishing". Wild China. BBC Two. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Cormorant Fishing "UKAI"". May 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ Larson-Wang, Jessica (7 May 2017). "The History Behind the Cormorant Fishermen of Erhai Lake". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 2020-08-16. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
- ^ a b Ryozo, Yanagida (June 2010). "「文化としての岐阜の都市空間に関する研究・その２−鵜飼の環境デザインを考える」" [A Study on Urban Space in Gifu as Culture (Part 2) Considering the Environmental Design of Cormorant Fishing] (PDF). Bulletin of Gifu City Women's Junior College (in Japanese). 59 (第59輯 (No.59)). Gifu City: Gifu City Women's College: 1. doi:10.24516/00000225. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "ぎふ長良川の鵜飼公式サイト「1300年以上の歴史と伝統」" [Over 1300 Years of History and Tradition]. ukai-gifucity.jp (in Japanese). Gifu-Ukai. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
- ^ "Gifu Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River". ukai-gifucity.jp. Gifu City Cormorant Fishing Observation Boat Office. Archived from the original on 2020-08-16.
- ^ Leicht, Hermann (1960). Pre-Inca Art and Culture. New York: Orion Press. pp. 49–50.
- ^ "Macedonian cities - Dojran". macedonia.co.uk. Macedonian Cultural and Information Centre. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14.
- ^ Beike, Marcus (2014). "The history of Cormorant fishing in Europe" (PDF). Vogelwelt. 133: 1–21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-16.
- ^ Wills, Simon (2017-11-30). A History of Birds. Grub Street Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5267-0157-2.
- ^ Beike, Marcus (2012). "The history of Cormorant fishing in Europe" (PDF). Vogelwelt: 1–19.