Nunivak Cup'ig or just Cup'ig (own name Cugtun) is a language or separate[1] dialect of Central Alaskan Yup'ik spoken in Central Alaska at the Nunivak Island by Nunivak Cup'ig people (own name Cup'it or Nuniwarmiut). The letter "c" in the Yup’ik alphabet is equivalent to the English alphabet "ch".
| Nunivak Cup'ig | |
|---|---|
| Cugtun | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Central Alaska, Nunivak Island |
| Ethnicity | Cupʼig |
Eskaleut
| |
Early forms | |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
esu-nun | |
| Glottolog | None |
The Central Alaskan Yupik who live on Nunivak Island (Nuniwar in Nunivak Cup'ig, Nunivaaq in Central Yup'ik) call themselves Cup'ig (plural Cup'it). Those who live in the village of Chevak call themselves Cup'ik (plural Cup'it). The name Cup'ig (with g) is used for the Nunivak Island Yup'ik dialect and the name Cup'ik (with k) is used for Hooper Bay-Chevak Yup'ik dialect.
The Cup'ig dialect is threatened. This fact was documented by Dr. Michael E. Krauss of the Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska and is illustrated on the map. In 1975, Krauss indicated, "Some of the children speak the language".[2] Krauss documented continued decline and downgraded the status to "Very few or none of the children speak the language"[3] in 1982.
Today Cup'ig is spoken by elders in the village of Mekoryuk.[4]
Classification
edit
- Central Alaskan Yup'ik language
- Norton Sound dialect is spoken Norton Sound region. Themselves Yup’ik
- Unaliq subdialect by spoken Unalirmiut (= Atnegmiut, Kuuyuŋmiut, Eŋlutaleġmiut etc.) tribes.
- Kotlik subdialect by spoken Pastulirmiut tribe
- General Central Yup’ik dialect or Yugtun is spoken in Nelson Island, the Yukon, the Bristol Bay regions, and Kuskokwim. Themselves Yup’ik (Yukon) or Yupiaq (Kuskokwim).
- Egegik Yupik is spoken Egegik and Egegik Bay. Themselves Yup’ik
- Hooper Bay-Chevak Cup’ik is spoken Hooper Bay and Chevak areas. Themselves Cup’ik
- Nunivak Cup'ig language or dialect is spoken Nunivak Island. Themselves Cup’ig
- Norton Sound dialect is spoken Norton Sound region. Themselves Yup’ik
The comparison of number names in the three dialects
| Yukon-Kuskokwim Yup’ik[5][6][7] |
Hooper Bay-Chevak Cup’ik[8] |
Nunivak Cup’ig[9] |
Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| atauciq | atauciq | ataucir | 1 |
| malruk | malruk | malzrug | 2 |
| pingayun | pingayun | pingayun | 3 |
| cetaman | citaman | cetaman | 4 |
| talliman | talliman | talliman | 5 |
| arvinglegen / arvinelgen | arvinelgen | arwinleg | 6 |
| malrunlegen / malrunelgen | malrunelgen | malzrunleg | 7 |
| pingayunlegen / pingayunelgen | pingayunelgen | pingayunleg | 8 |
| qulngunritaraan | qulngunritaraq | qulngunrita’ar | 9 |
| qula / qulen | qula | qula | 10 |
| qula atauciq | qula atauciq | qula-ataucir | 11 |
| qula malruk | qula malruk | qula-malzrug | 12 |
| qula pingayun | qula pingayun | qula-pingayun | 13 |
| akimiarunrita’ar | akimiarunritaraq | akimiarunrita’ar | 14 |
| akimiaq | akimiaq | akimiar | 15 |
| akimiaq atauciq | akimiaq atauciq | akimiar ataucir | 16 |
| akimiaq malruk | akimiaq malruk | akimiar malzrug | 17 |
| akimiaq pingayun | akimiaq pingayun | akimiar pingayun | 18 |
| yuinaunrita’ar | cuinaunritaraq | cuinaunrita’ar | 19 |
| yuinaq | cuinaq | cuinar | 20 |
| yuinaq qula / yuinaq qulen | cuinaq qula | cuinar-qula | 30 |
| yuinaak malruk / malruk ipiaq (Yukon) | malruk ipiaq | malzrug-ipiar | 40 |
| yuinaak malruk qula | malruk ipiaq qula | . | 50 |
| yuinaat pingayun / pingayun ipiaq | pingayun ipiaq | pingayun ipiar | 60 |
| yuinaat pingayun qula | pingayun ipiaq qula | . | 70 |
| yuinaat cetaman | citaman ipiaq | cetaman-ipiar | 80 |
| yuinaat cetaman qula | citaman ipiaq qula | talliman ipiar qula | 90 |
| yuinaat talliman | talliman ipiaq | talliman ipiar | 100 |
| tiissitsaaq | tiititsaaq / tiissitsaaq | tiisiss'ar | 1.000 |
| qulen tiissitsaat | . | . | 10.000 |
| yuinaat talliman tiissitsaaq | . | . | 100.000 |
| miilicaaq | ciicitsaaq | . | 1.000.000 |
| tiissitsaaq miilicaaq | . | . | 1.000.000.000 |
Grammatical numbers
editThe grammatical numbers:
| singular | dual | plural | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| qusngir | qusngig | qusngit | domestic reindeer |
| iqalluyagar | iqalluyagag | iqalluyagat | Dolly Varden |
| qay'ar | qay'ag | qay'at / qass'it | kayak |
| tuutangayag | tuutangayiigeg | tuutangayit | Canada goose |
| alpa | alpag | alpat | murre |
| qimugta | qimugteg | qimugtet | dog |
Education
editThe Cup'ig peoples' only school, the Nuniwarmiut School (P/K-12th grade), lies within the Lower Kuskokwim School District, in the village of Mekoryuk. Built in 1984,[10] the school provides English and Cup’ig bilingual education for 32 students.[11]
Nuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti, Inc. (literally, "Nunivak Cultural Programs") is a non-profit cultural heritage organization of the Cup'ig Eskimo village of Mekoryuk, its mission being to preserve Nunivak Island Cup'ig culture, traditions, and language. NPT was established in 1999.[12]
Example phrases
edit
- Cangacit? - How are you?
- Canritua - I am fine
- Unuakukegci - Good morning
- Agayunerpakegcikici - Have a very Merry Christmas
- Allrakularakegciluci-llu - And have a Happy New Year
- Taqukat, maklit neqkanka - Seals, bearded seals is my food
- Quyana - Thanks
- Quyana niicugnillua - Thank you for listening to me.
- Quyana naqluki allnganka - Thank you for reading what I wrote.
Russian loanwords
editThe Russian loanwords used in Nunivak Cup’ig date from the period of the Russian America (1733–1867).
- caarralar (< Rus. сахар) 'sugar'
- caayu (< Rus. чай) 'tea'
- caanig (< Rus. чайник) 'tea kettle'
- cap’akir ( < Rus. сапоги) 'shoe'
- cass’ar (< Rus. часы) 'clock'
- culunar (?< Rus. солонина 'salted meat') 'salted fish'
- kelipar (< Rus. хлеб) 'bread'
- maslar (< Rus. масло) 'butter; margarine'
- miss’ug (< Rus. мешок) 'burlap bag'
- mulut’ug (< Rus. молоток) 'hammer'
- paltug (< Rus. пальто) 'coat; jacket'
- pelatekar (< Rus. палатка) 'tent'
- putuskar (< Rus. подушка) 'pillow'
- tiisiss’ar (< Rus. тысяча) 'thousand; one thousand dollars'
- yaassig : (< Rus. ящик) 'box; cardboard box'
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jacobson, Steven (2006). "The participial oblique, a verb mood found only in Nunivak Central Alaskan Yup'ik and in Siberian Yupik". Études/Inuit/Studies. 30 (1): 135–156. doi:10.7202/016154ar.
- ^ Krauss, Michael E. (1975). Native peoples and languages of Alaska. [Map]. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.
- ^ Krauss, Michael E. (1982). Native peoples and languages of Alaska. [Map]. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.
- ^ "Lower Kuskokwim School District". Archived from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
- ^ Lipka, Jerry (1994). "Culturally Negotiated Schooling: Toward a Yup'ik Mathematics". Journal of American Indian Education. 33 (3): 14–30. JSTOR 24398325.
- ^ How to count in Yup’ik
- ^ Reed, Irene; Miyaoka, Osahito; Jacobson, Steven; Afcan, Paschal; Krauss, Michael (1977). Yup'ik Eskimo Grammar. Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-0-933769-26-7.[page needed]
- ^ On the Facebook: Cup'ik Word Of The Day - Chevak[unreliable source?] by Rebecca Nayamin (Cup’ik Language Orthographist)
- ^ Nuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti, Nunivak Island Cup'ig Language Preliminary Dictionary Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Nuniwarmiut Schools". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
- ^ Mekoryuk Schools
- ^ faqs.org: Nuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalicuti
External links
edit- On the Facebook: Nunivak Cup'ig Language page.
- Nuniwarmiut Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti : Nunivak Island Cup'ig Language Preliminary Dictionary
- Griffin, Dennis (2002). "A History of Human Settlement on Nunivak Island, Alaska: Insights from Recent Investigations at Nash Harbor Village". Arctic Anthropology. 39 (1/2): 51–68. JSTOR 40316565.