Day of the Tiles

The Day of the Tiles (French: Journée des Tuiles) was an event that took place in the French town of Grenoble on 7 June 1788. It was one of the first disturbances preceding the French Revolution and is credited by a few historians as its start.

Background

Various economic crises induced the financial hardship that caused popular unrest in Grenoble . The sources of the French Revolution affected all of France, but matters came to a head there first. A depressed demand for luxury gloves (at the time one of Grenoble's major industries), left it heavily dependent on its status as seat of the regional parlement for status and prosperity. However, Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, the Archbishop of Toulouse and Controlleur whom Louis XVI appointed on 8 April 1787, was attempting to abolish the parlements to work around their refusal to enact a new tax to deal with France's unmanageable public debt.^[1]

Poor harvests, the high cost of bread, and the refusal of the privileged classes — the clergy and the aristocracy, who insisted on retaining the right to collect feudal and seignorial royalties from their peasants and landholders — to relinquish any of their fiscal privileges increased tensions in urban populations. This blocked the reforms of the king's minister Charles Alexandre de Calonne and the Assembly of Notables of January 1787. Added to this, Brienne was widely regarded as being a manager without experience or imagination.^[2]

Shortly before 7 June 1788, a large meeting of judges at Grenoble decided to call together the old Estates of the province of Dauphiné, which was one of the bodies across France that traditionally had assessed taxes for the provinces. The government responded by sending troops to the area to put down the movement.^[3]

Riots

At roughly 10 in the morning of Saturday, 7 June, merchants closed their shops as groups of 300 to 400 men and women formed, armed with stones, sticks, axes, and bars.^[4] They rushed to the city gates to prevent the departure of judges who took part in the Grenoble meeting.^[5]^{[additional citation(s) needed]} Some rioters attempted to cross the Isère but faced a picket of 50 soldiers at the St. Lawrence bridge, while others headed to the Rue Neuve.^[6]

Map of Grenoble in 1788: The six red dots show the riots in the city. The black squares show the dwellings of the parlementaires.

The cathedral's bells were seized by French peasants at noon.^[4] The crowd swiftly grew, as the bells provoked the influx of neighbouring peasants to creep in the city, climbing the walls, using boats on the Isère and for some, pushing open the city gates.^{[citation needed]}

Other insurgents boarded the ramparts and rushed to the hotel (L'hôtel de la Première présidence) the Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre was staying in at the time. The Duke had two elite regiments in Grenoble,^[7] the Regiment of the Royal Navy (Régiment Royal-La-Marine) whose colonel was Marquis d'Ambert and the regiment of Austrasia (Régiment d'Austrasie) which was commanded by Colonel Count Chabord. The Royal Navy was the first to respond to the growing crowds and was given the order to quell the rioting without the use of arms. However, as the mob stormed the hotel entrance, the situation escalated. Soldiers sent to quell the disturbances forced the townspeople off the streets.^{[citation needed]} Some sources say that the soldiers were sent to disperse parlementaires who were attempting to assemble a parlement.^[8] During an attack, Royal Navy soldiers injured a 75-year-old man with a bayonet. At the sight of blood, the people became angry and started to tear up the streets. Townspeople climbed onto the roofs of buildings around the Jesuit College^[9] to hurl down a rain of roof-tiles on the soldiers in the streets below, hence the episode's name. Many soldiers took refuge in a building to shoot through the windows, while the crowd continued to rush inside and ravage everything.^{[citation needed]}

A noncommissioned officer of the Royal Navy, commanding a patrol of four soldiers, gave the order to open fire into the mob. One civilian was killed and a boy of 12 wounded.^[10] To the east of the city, the Royal Navy soldiers were forced to open fire in order to protect the city's arsenal, fearing that the rioters would seize the weapons and ammunition. Meanwhile, Colonel Count Chabord began deploying the regiment of Austrasia to aid and relieve the Royal Navy soldiers.^{[citation needed]}

Three of the city's four consuls^[6] gathered at the City Hall and attempted to reason with the crowd. However, their words were silenced amidst the clamour of the mob. Through great difficulty, the consuls made their way through the crowds and eventually took refuge with the officers of the local garrison. Later that evening, the Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre withdrew his troops from the streets and hotel to prevent further violence from escalating the situation. The Duke managed to narrowly escape the hotel before the crowd completely looted the inside. With control of the hotel lost, the Royal Navy troops were ordered to return to their quarters.^{[citation needed]}

At six, a crowd estimated at ten thousand people shouting "Vive le parlement!" forced the judges to return to the Palace of the Parlement of Dauphiné (Palais du Parlement du Dauphiné) by flooding them with flowers.^[11] Throughout the night, carillons sounded triumphantly, a large bonfire crackled on Saint-André square surrounded by a crowd that danced and sang "Long live forever our parliament! May God preserve the King and the devil take Brienne and Lamoignon."^{[citation needed]}

On 10 June, the local commander attempted to appease the spirits of the crowd, with no success.^[12] Under the orders of exile pronounced against them by the King, the parlementaires were forced to flee from Grenoble in the morning of 12 June. Order was fully restored in the city on the 14th of July by Marshal Vaux, who replaced the Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre.^[13]

The commander of the troops found the situation so alarming that he agreed to allow the meeting of the Estates to proceed, but not in the capital.^[14] A meeting was therefore arranged for the 21 July 1788 at the nearby village of Vizille.^[3] This meeting became known as the Assembly of Vizille.

In all, six outbreaks of rioting have been identified in the city on 7 June.^[15]

Later events

In the face of overwhelming public pressure, on 5 July 1788, Brienne announced that the Estates-General would convene as quickly as it could be arranged.^[16] At Brienne's recommendation, Louis XVI affirmed this intention on August 8, 1788.^[17] The assembly was scheduled for April 27, 1789,^[17] but this was later delayed until 1 May 1789.^[3]^: 46^[17]

The meeting of the three Estates which had been agreed to took place at Vizille on 21 July. Several hundred people assembled, representing the three Estates, the nobility, the clergy and the middle class (the bourgeoisie), who were granted double representation. The meeting was led by a moderate reformist lawyer, Jean Joseph Mounier, and passed resolutions:

convoking the States-General of France;
pledging the province to refuse to pay all taxes not voted by the Estates-General; and
calling for the abolition of arbitrary imprisonment on the King's order by the warrant known as the lettre de cachet.^[3]

Since 1984, the Château de Vizille houses the Musée de la Révolution française.^{[citation needed]}

Significance

Some historians, such as Jonathan Sperber,^{[citation needed]} have used the Day of the Tiles to demonstrate the worsening situation in France in the buildup to the French Revolution of 1789. Others have regarded it as the being the beginning of the revolution itself.^[18] The events as related by R. M. Johnston^[3] provide an apparently clear link between the Day of the Tiles, the Assembly of Vizille and the start of the revolution proper.

The event was commemorated by Alexandre Debelle's The Day of the Tiles, 13 July 1788, painted in 1889.^[19] He painted it a century after the event and got the date wrong, but it undoubtedly attempts to depict the events described by the title.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Duncan, Mike (7 September 2014). "3.8 The Day of the Tiles". Revolutions (Podcast). Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ Larané, André (23 January 2006). "7 juin 1788: La «Journée des tuiles» à Grenoble" [June 7, 1788: "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble]. Herodote.net (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Johnston, Robert Matteson (1909). The French Revolution: A Short History. New York: Henry Holt and Company – via Project Gutenberg.
^ ^a ^b Coulomb, Clarisse (12 December 2016). "Héritages familiaux, solidarités professionnelles et théâtre politique". Histoire urbaine (in French). 5 (5): 5–25. doi:10.3917/rhu.005.0005. ISSN 1628-0482.
^ Larané, André (2006). "7 juin 1788: La «Journée des tuiles» à Grenoble" [June 7, 1788: "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble]. Herodote.net (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2016. This document has gone through multiple revisions, and it not clear which text supports this claim. The most similar passage seems to be this one: La population est rameutée par les auxiliaires de justice, particulièrement fâchés de perdre le Parlement, qui est leur gagne-pain. Des Grenoblois s'emparent des portes de la ville. D'autres, montés sur les toits, jettent des tuiles et divers objets sur les soldats. Vers la fin de l'après-midi, les émeutiers, maîtres de la ville, réinstallent les parlementaires dans le palais de justice. [The population was rallied by the court officers, who were particularly angry at losing Parlement, which was their livelihood. Grenoble residents seized the city gates. Others threw tiles and various objects at the soldiers from rooftops. Towards the end of the afternoon, the rioters, in control of the city, reinstated the members of Parlement in the courthouse.] Larané, André (2008) [2006]. "7 juin 1788: La «Journée des tuiles» à Grenoble" [June 7, 1788: "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble]. Herodote.net (in French) (Summary ed.). Paris. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008.
^ ^a ^b "A propos de la beautification prochaine d'une religieuse Grenobloise: La famille Duchesne par M. le Lt-Colonel de Guillebon: Seance du 2 Mars 1935" [About the upcoming beautification of a Grenoble nun: The Duchesne family by Mr. Lt-Colonel de Guillebon: Session of March 2, 1935]. Bulletin de l'Académie delphinale (in French). 6 (6). Grenoble: 4. 1 January 1935. Retrieved 12 December 2016 – via Gallica.^{[full citation needed]}
^ Sgard, Jean (1988). Les trente récits de la Journée des Tuiles. Empreinte du temps (in French). Presses universitaires de Grenoble. ISBN 978-2-7061-0310-0.
^ Larané, André (23 January 2006). "7 juin 1788: La «Journée des tuiles» à Grenoble" [June 7, 1788: "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble]. Herodote.net (in French) (Full ed.). Paris. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. les soldats... avaient reçu l'ordre de disperser les parlementaires de la province. [the soldiers... had received orders to disperse the provincial parliamentarians.] Most recent available version of the full edition archived on 2013-03-09.
^ Today the Lycée Stendhal in rue Raoul Blanchard
^ Muller, Claude (2000). Heurs et malheurs du Dauphiné [Ups and downs of Dauphiné] (in French). De Borée. pp. 112–114. ISBN 978-2-84494-027-8.
^ Dreyfus, Paul (1972). Histoire du Dauphiné [History of Dauphiné] (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 191.
^ Chronique de la Révolution française (in French). Éditions Chronique. 14 June 2013. ISBN 9782366020328.
^ Chaper, Eugène (1888). La Journée des Tuiles à Grenoble (7 juin 1788) : Documents contemporains en grande partie inédits recueillis et publiés par un vieux bibliophile Dauphinois [The Day of the Tiles in Grenoble (June 7, 1788): Contemporary documents, largely unpublished, collected and published by an old Dauphinois bibliophile] (in French) (2 ed.). Grenoble: F. Allier, père et fils (published 1988).
^ Curzon, Catherine (7 June 2014). "The Day of the Tiles". madamegilflurt.com.
^ "La journée des Tuiles (Grenoble, 7 juin 1788)". Histoire pour tous: De France et du monde (in French). HpT Media. 7 June 2020. ISSN 2270-9983. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (13 September 2019). "The collapse of the absolute monarchy, 1787–1789". A Short History of the French Revolution (7th ed.). New York City: Routledge. § From failed reforms to revolutionary crisis, p. 28. ISBN 978-1-138-55720-8. See also, 8th ed.: doi:10.4324/9781003412120-2
^ ^a ^b ^c Larané, André (23 January 2006). "7 juin 1788: La «Journée des tuiles» à Grenoble" [June 7, 1788: "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble]. Herodote.net (in French) (Full ed.). Paris. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Louis XVI se résout donc le 8 août 1788 à convoquer les états généraux. Leur ouverture est prévue le 27 avril 1789 avant d'être reportée in fine au 5 mai suivant. [Louis XVI therefore resolved on August 8, 1788 to convene the Estates General. Their opening was scheduled for April 27, 1789 before being ultimately postponed to the following May 5.]
^ Larané, André (January 2007) [2006]. "7 juin 1788: La «Journée des tuiles» à Grenoble" [June 7, 1788: "Day of the Tiles" in Grenoble]. Herodote.net (in French) (Full ed.). Paris. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Le 7 juin 1788, les habitants de Grenoble, dans les Alpes, défient les troupes du roi. ... C'est le prémice de la Révolution française.
^ "The Day of the Tiles, 13 July 1788". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2006.