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Decommissioning in Northern Ireland was a process in the Belfast Agreement as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. Under the Good Friday Agreement/Belfast Agreement, all paramilitary groups fighting in the Troubles would be subject to decommission.[1] Decommissioning was a defining issue in the effort to negotiate peace in Northern Ireland.[2]
Belfast Agreement/Good Friday Agreement
editThe Belfast Agreement, or Good Friday Agreement, was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties.
It contained provisions for a government involving both Catholics and Protestants, whose traditional aspirations, expressed as nationalism on one side and unionism on the other, had often clashed over the years. The Agreement recognised the legitimacy of both aspirations.[3] One of the provisions of the Agreement was that the parties agree to collectively use their influence to achieve decommissioning within two years, by May 2000.[1]
Independent International Commission on Decommissioning
editThe Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) was established to oversee the decommissioning. Its objective was to facilitate the decommissioning of firearms, ammunition and explosives.
Decommissioning problems
editInto late 2001, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was reluctant to disarm, and went on to refuse disarmament, saying that the British government had reneged on its side of the bargain,: specifically:
- by watering down the reforms of the Royal Ulster Constabulary proposed by the Patten Commission, and
- by failing to pull troops out of Northern Ireland.[4]
After the original (May 2000) deadline for decommissioning passed, the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning set 30 June 2001; that date passed, as well, without full disarmament.[3][5]
The crisis reached its climax in July 2001, as David Trimble, the Ulster Unionist Party leader, resigned as first minister of the power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive, in protest against the IRA's failure to redeem its pledge to put its weapons "completely and verifiably beyond use". (He would later be re-elected.)[4] The peace process was on the brink of collapse again, after the Provisional IRA failed to convince either the UK Government, or the Ulster Unionists, that they had made "sufficient progress towards decommissioning".[1]
Breakthrough
editOn 7 August 2001, the IRA agreed on a method of destroying its arsenal. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time, described the breakthrough as "significant" and "historic". General John de Chastelain of Canada, chairman of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, said the proposals had been accepted by the panel as ones that would "put IRA arms completely and verifiably beyond use." The Ulster Unionists had said they would no longer take part in the Northern Ireland Assembly if the IRA did not begin disarming. The announcement came after meetings between the commission and a representative of the IRA.[6]
During the process of decommissioning the Democratic Unionist Party demanded that the IRA release photographs of the decommissioning process in order to satisfy the unionist "man in the street".[7] The IRA rejected these claims, claiming it would amount to "humiliation" , and that two clergymen would oversee the process instead.[8]
In June 2009, both the Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando announced that they had completed a process of decommissioning. The UDA said it had started a process that would lead to the destruction of all its arms.[9] Originally, both organisations had refused to decommission, claiming that copying the IRA's action would amount to "dancing to their tune".[10]
Timeline
edit- 10 April 1998 (Good Friday): Belfast Agreement is signed, which agrees to have all paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland decommission by May 2000.
- May 2000: Deadline to disarm passes. Independent International Commission on Decommissioning agrees on a new deadline, 30 June 2001.
- 30 June 2001: Deadline to disarm passes.
- July 2001: Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble resigns as First Minister because the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) refuses to disarm.
- 7 August 2001: The IRA agrees on a method to decommission.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Purdy, Martina (2 February 2000). "Q&A: Decommissioning in Northern Ireland". BBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ Hoge, Warren (2 April 1999). "Ulster Talks Miss Goal But Blair Sees Gains". NYT. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ a b Holland, Jack (8 July 2001). "I.R.A. Guns and the Irish Impasse". NYT. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ a b Brown, Derek (2 July 2001). "Arms decommissioning in Northern Ireland". NYT. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ Hoge, Warren. STANDOFF ON ARMS POSES NEW THREAT TO ULSTER ACCORD Archived 29 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hoge, Warren (7 August 2001). "NEW IRA STANCE ON ARMS IS HAILED AS BREAKTHROUGH". NYT. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ "Paisley decommissioning claims 'bizarre', says SF". Irish Times. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ "IRA says photos 'never possible'". BBC News. 9 December 2004. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ NI decommissioning timetable Archived 23 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 27 June 2009
- ^ "Loyalists rule out surrender of arms". The Guardian. 2 October 2005. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.