Democracy in Venezuela

Democracy in Venezuela refers to the system of governance that has prevailed in Venezuela since direct election at the presidential level and later in the 1990s at the regional level. Democracy as a system of government in the country has had a history interrupted by coups d'état, some in the name of democracy itself. From 1958 onward, Venezuela was considered to be a relatively stable democracy within a continent that was facing a wave of military dictatorship, consuming almost all Latin American countries in the 1970s. By 1977, Venezuela was the only one of three democracies in Latin America, along with Colombia and Costa Rica. With the election of Hugo Chávez in the 1998 presidential election, the country started experiencing democratic backsliding. In 2008, Venezuela was ranked the least democratic nation in South America in The Economist Democracy Index, and by 2022 it ranked 147th out of 167 countries, with a rating of an authoritarian regime.

Background

José Antonio Páez was the first to win, elected by the National Congress in indirect elections in 1831.^[1] José María Vargas was the first civilian elected in 1835, also under indirect elections. Said representative democratic system was interrupted several times by several revolutions until the presidential elections of 1860, where, in the context of the Federal War, Venezuelan men directly elected a president for the first time in history, the writer Manuel Felipe de Tovar.^[2]

History

20th century

Rómulo Gallegos was the first president elected by direct vote in the history of Venezuela since 1860.

After the death of Juan Vicente Gómez and the end of his military dictatorship, a process of transition to democracy began with the political opening of Eleazar López Contreras and Isaías Medina Angarita. Isaías Medina legalised political parties in 1941, with Democratic Action being the first to be founded.^[3] Reluctance to install direct voting for presidential elections ended in the 1945 coup d'état led by Carlos Delgado Chalbaud and Marcos Pérez Jiménez and supported by Democratic Action.

The transitional government of Rómulo Betancourt made the necessary reforms for the first free and direct elections in history, the 1947 general election, which resulted in the election of the writer Rómulo Gallegos as president. The period was known as the Trienio Adeco (Adeco Triennium) and was only partially democratic, as some parties were disqualified. The period was finally interrupted by the 1948 coup d'état.

Rómulo Betancourt was the first directly elected president to complete his term in office in 1964.

The second presidency of Rómulo Betancourt was the beginning of the democratic history with political parties banned since 1962, including the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV).^[4] Rafael Caldera's first presidency saw the implementation of a policy of incorporating participants in the country's subversive movements that emerged during the 1960s to lay down their arms, a trend begun by the government of Raúl Leoni.^[5]

From 1958 onward, Venezuela was considered to be a relatively stable democracy within a continent that was facing a wave of military dictatorship, consuming almost all Latin American countries in the 1970s.^[6]^[7] By 1977, Venezuela was, along with Colombia and Costa Rica, one of only three democracies in Latin America.^[8] Until the early 1980s, it was one of Latin America's four most prosperous states; with an upper-middle economy, and a stable centre-left democracy.^[7] The collapse of the oil market in the 1980s left Venezuela (a major crude oil exporter) in great debt.^[6]^[7]

Democracy was put to the test when socio-economic deterioration and political discontent in some quarters were reflected in two coup attempts in the 1990s.

Two leaders were tried and imprisoned in democracy during the rest of the 20th century: Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1963 (more than four years) and Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1993 (more than two years).^[9]^[10]

Hugo Chávez

The February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt was led by Hugo Chávez, who was later elected in 1998 Venezuelan presidential election by appealing on the desires of the poor and pledging economic reforms,^[11]^[12] and, once in office, securing his power by creating an authoritarian regime, following a relatively stable pattern between 1999 and 2003.^[13] Chávez started rewriting the constitution swiftly after arriving in-office.^[14] After enabling himself to legally rewrite the constitution and therewith amending a presidential term from five to six years, with a single reelection, Chávez gained full control over the military branch. This allowed him to determine military promotions and eliminate the Senate. As a result, he no longer required legislative approval.^[14]^[15] The weakening of political institutions and increased government corruption transformed Venezuela into a personal dictatorship.^[13]^[16]^[17]

Chavez's dominance of the media (including a constant presence on television) and his charismatic personality contributed to democratic backsliding in Venezuela,^[18] in addition to constitutional revisions that concentrated Chávez's power and diminished the executive's accountability.^[19]

21st century

In 2002 the military forces demanded Hugo Chávez's resignation, arresting him and taking him to Fort Tiuna^[20] during year's coup d'état, until the National Assembly returned the presidency to him.^[21]

In 2008, Venezuela was ranked the least democratic nation in South America in The Economist Democracy Index. The same year, Freedom House removed Venezuela from its list of countries with representative democracy.^[22]

During the government of Nicolás Maduro, 1441 people were disqualified from holding political office in Venezuela,^[23] including three of the opposition leaders: former governor and presidential candidate Henrique Capriles, former mayor Leopoldo López and former deputy María Corina Machado.^[23]

By 2022, according to The Economist Democracy Index, Venezuela ranked 147th out of 167 countries, with a rating of an authoritarian regime.^[24]

References

^ "Vargas, José María". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
^ Simón Castrillo Buitrago. "Tovar, Manuel Felipe de, gobierno de". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
^ "Medina Angarita, Isaías, gobierno de". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
^ "Partido Comunista de Venezuela (PCV) enfrenta su "ilegalización"". EFE Noticias (in European Spanish). 2023-08-27.
^ Diego Bautista Urbaneja. "Caldera, Rafael, gobierno de". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
^ ^a ^b Margolis, J. (2019). "Venezuela was once the richest, most stable, democracy in Latin America. What happened?". The World from PRX. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Corrales, Javier (1999). Venezuela in the 1980s, the 1990s and beyond. ReVista. pp. 26–29. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
^ John Polga-Hecimovich (14 April 2017). "The Roots of Venezuela's Failing State".
^ Jiménez, Marcos Pérez (1982). Juicio y sentencia al ex-dictador Pérez Jiménez (in Spanish). Ediciones Centauro.
^ Vinogradoff, Ludmila (19 May 1994). "Carlos Andres Pérez, encarcelado por corrupción". El País.
^ Margolis, J. (2019). "Venezuela was once the richest, most stable, democracy in Latin America. What happened?". The World from PRX. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ Corrales, Javier (1999). Venezuela in the 1980s, the 1990s and beyond. ReVista. pp. 26–29. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b Corrales, Javier; Penfold-Becerra, Michael. (2007). "Venezuela: Crowding Out the Opposition". Journal of Democracy. 18 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0020. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 153648265.
^ ^a ^b Corrales, J. (2011). "Latin-America: A Setback for Chávez". Journal of Democracy. 22: 37–51. doi:10.1353/jod.2011.a412898. S2CID 201772516.
^ Corrales, Javier (2015). "Autocratic Legalism in Venezuela". Journal of Democracy. 26 (2): 37–51. doi:10.1353/jod.2015.0031. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 153641967.
^ de la Torre, Carlos (10 April 2017). "Hugo Chávez and the diffusion of Bolivarianism". Democratization. 24 (7): 1271–1288. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1307825. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 218524439.
^ Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2014). "Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set". Perspectives on Politics. 12 (2): 313–331. doi:10.1017/s1537592714000851. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 145784357.
^ David Landau (23 August 2018). "Constitution-Making and Authoritarianism in Venezuela: The First Time as Tragedy, the Second as Farce". In Mark A. Graber; Sanford Levinson; Mark V. Tushnet (eds.). Constitutional Democracy in Crisis?. Oxford University Press. pp. 164–167, 501. ISBN 978-0-19-088898-5. OCLC 1030444422. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ Kim Lane Scheppele (23 August 2018). "The Party's Over". In Mark A. Graber; Sanford Levinson; Mark V. Tushnet (eds.). Constitutional Democracy in Crisis?. Oxford University Press. pp. 164–167, 501. ISBN 978-0-19-088898-5. OCLC 1030444422. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ Vinogradoff, Ludmila (2002-04-13). "Chávez está arrestado en un centro militar de Caracas por la muerte de 15 civiles". El País. ISSN 1134-6582.
^ "Hugo Chávez regresa al poder en Venezuela" (in Spanish). El País. 2002-04-14. ISSN 1134-6582.
^ "Venezuela | Freedom House". 2014-12-16. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
^ ^a ^b "Venezuela: inhabilitaciones como garrote contra la oposición". Deutsche Welle. 4 July 2023.
^ "Índice de Democracia: Venezuela se mantiene en lista de regímenes autoritarios". Tal Cual. 3 February 2023.