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Demographics of India

This article is about the people from the republic of India. For other uses, see Indian.

India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world, with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.[6][7][8][9]

Demographics of India
Population pyramid of India in 2020
PopulationIncrease 1,425,775,850[1]

(April 2023 est.)

1,428,627,663[2] (Mid-year 2023 est.)
Density473.42 people per km2 (2021 est.)[3]
Growth rate0.68% (2022 est.)[3]
Birth rate16.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)[3]
Death rate6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)[3]
Life expectancyIncrease 72.03 years (2023 est.)[2]
 • male70.5 years (2023 est.)
 • female73.6 years (2023 est.)
Fertility rateDecrease 2.00 children born per woman (2023)[3]
Infant mortality rate29.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)[4]
Net migration rate0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
15–64 years67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
65 and over6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
Total1.06 male(s)/female (2023)[5]
At birth1.1 male(s)/female (2023)[5]
Under 151.11 male(s)/female (2023)[5]
15–64 years1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
65 and over0.85 male(s)/female (2023)[5]
Nationality
NationalityIndian
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialSee Languages of India
Spoken

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.[9] In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.[10][11] In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.[12]

In 2023, the median age of an Indian was 29.5 years,[13] compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4.[14] However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.[15]

India has many ethnic groups,[16] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language,[17] spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and between 25,000 and 70,000 people are Siddhis,who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by Arabs, Persians and Portuguese to the western coast of India during the Middle Ages and the colonial period. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[18]

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.[19] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.[20]

History

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See also: Economic history of India
 
Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100

Prehistory to early 19th century

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See also: Estimates of historical world population

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.[21] [22]

Year Maddison (2001)[23] Clark (1967)[24][25][26] Biraben (1979)[25][27][28] Durand (1974)[29][25] McEvedy (1978)[30][25] Aggregate average Period Average
 % growth
/ century
Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century
10,000 BC — — — — — — — — 100,000 — 100,000 — Stone Age 3.9
4000 BC — — — — — — — — 1,000,000 3.9 1,000,000 3.9
2000 BC — — — — — — — — 6,000,000 9.4 6,000,000 9.4 Bronze Age 9.4
500 BC — — — — — — — — 25,000,000 10 25,000,000 10 Iron Age 10.2
400 BC — — — — 30,000,000 — — — 26,600,000 6.3 28,300,000 13.2
200 BC — — — — 55,000,000 35.4 — — 30,000,000 6.3 42,500,000 22.5 Maurya era 22.5
1 AD 75,000,000 — 70,000,000 — 46,000,000 –9.3 75,000,000 — 34,000,000 6.5 60,000,000 18.8 Classical
era 		5.3
200 75,000,000 0 72,500,000 1.7 45,000,000 –1.1 75,000,000 0 39,000,000 7.1 61,300,000 1.1
400 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 1.7 32,000,000 –18.6 75,000,000 0 45,000,000 7.4 60,400,000 –0.7
500 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 33,000,000 3.1 75,000,000 0 48,000,000 6.5 61,200,000 1.3
600 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 37,000,000 12.1 75,000,000 0 51,000,000 6.5 62,600,000 2.3 Early
medieval
era 		1.9
700 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 50,000,000 35.1 75,000,000 0 56,500,000 10.3 66,300,000 5.9
800 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 43,000,000 –16.3 75,000,000 0 62,000,000 10.3 66,000,000 –0.5
900 75,000,000 0 72,500,000 –3.5 38,000,000 –13.2 75,000,000 0 69,500,000 11.4 66,000,000 0
1000 75,000,000 0 70,000,000 –3.5 40,000,000 5.3 75,000,000 0 77,000,000 11.4 67,400,000 2.1
1100 81,000,000 8 72,500,000 3.5 51,000,000 27.5 81,300,000 8.4 80,000,000 3.9 73,200,000 8.6 Late
medieval
era 		8.1
1200 87,500,000 8 75,000,000 3.5 65,100,000 27.5 88,200,000 8.4 83,000,000 3.8 79,800,000 9
1300 94,500,000 8 75,000,000 0 83,000,000 27.5 95,700,000 8.4 88,000,000 6 87,200,000 9.3
1400 102,000,000 8 77,000,000 3.3 88,800,000 7 103,700,000 8.4 94,000,000 6.8 92,900,000 7
1500 110,000,000 8 79,000,000 3.3 95,000,000 7 112,500,000 8.4 100,000,000 6.4 99,300,000 7
1600 135,000,000 22.8 100,000,000 26.6 145,000,000 52.6 135,800,000 20.7 130,000,000 30 129,200,000 30.1 Mughal era 31.9
1650 150,000,000 22.2 150,000,000 125 160,000,000 20.7 149,100,000 20.7 145,000,000 24.4 150,800,000 36.2
1700 165,000,000 22.2 200,000,000 77.8 175,000,000 20.7 163,900,000 20.7 160,000,000 21.8 172,800,000 31.3
1750 182,100,000 21.8 200,000,000 0 182,700,000 9 180,000,000 20.7 170,000,000 12.9 183,000,000 12.1 Colonial
era 		12.2
1800 200,900,000 21.8 190,000,000 –10.8 190,700,000 9 — — 185,000,000 18.4 190,400,000 8
1820 209,000,000 21.8 190,000,000 0 194,000,000 9 — — 200,000,000 47.7 198,300,000 22

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,[31] before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD.[23][25] The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500.[23][25]

Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,[31] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.[32] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India[33] and contemporary Europe[33] up until the 19th century.[34] These estimates by Abraham Eraly[33] and Paolo Malanima[34] have been criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.[35]

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.[36] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.[37] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.[33] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[33] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people[38] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people.[39] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).[36]

Late 19th century to early 20th century

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The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[40]

Years 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1902[40]
Total Fertility Rate in India 5.95 5.92 5.89 5.86 5.82 5.79 4.38 5.76 5.76 5.75 5.75 5.75
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[40]
Total Fertility Rate in India 5.761 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.8 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.85 5.86

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

Years 1881 1891 1901 1905 1911 1915 1921 1925 1931 1935 1941 1950[41]
Life expectancy in India 25.4 24.3 23.5 24.0 23.2 24.0 24.9 27.6 29.3 31.0 32.6 35.4

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year Population Growth (%)
1871[42] 238,830,958 —
1881[43] 253,896,330 6.3
1891[42] 287,223,431 13.1
1901[42] 293,550,310 2.2
1911[44] 315,156,396 7.4
1921[44] 318,942,480 1.2
1931[44] 352,837,778 10.6
1941[44] 388,997,955 10.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[45]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".[46]

Characteristics

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Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)[47][48][49]
 
Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[50] lived in about 638,000 villages[51] and the remaining 27.8%[50] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[52]

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.[53] However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,[54][55] it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.[56]

Comparative demographics

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Comparative demographics
Category Global ranking References
Area 7th [57]
Population 1st [57]
Population growth rate 102nd of 212 in 2010[58]
Population density 24th of 212 in 2010[58]
Male to Female ratio, at birth 12th of 214 in 2009[59]

List of states and union territories by demographics

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Main article: List of States and Union Territories by demographics
Population growth of India per decade[60]
Census year Population Change (%)
1951 361,088,003 –
1961 439,235,000 21.6
1971 548,160,000 24.8
1981 683,329,000 24.7
1991 846,387,888 23.9
2001 1,028,737,436 21.5
2011 1,210,193,422 17.7
Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
Rank State/UT Population[61] Percent (%) Male Female Difference between male and female Sex ratio Rural[62] Urban[62] Area[63] (km2) Density (per km2)
1 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 16.50 104,480,510 95,331,831 9,148,679 930 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828
2 Maharashtra 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 4,111,779 929 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365
3 Bihar 104,099,452 8.60 54,278,157 49,821,295 4,456,862 918 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102
4 West Bengal 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 2,341,939 950 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030
5 Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 2,597,803 931 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236
6 Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 128,920 996 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555
7 Rajasthan 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 2,553,557 928 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201
8 Karnataka 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 838,017 973 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319
9 Gujarat 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 2,542,828 919 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308
10 Andhra Pradesh 49,386,799 4.08 24,738,068 24,648,731 89,337 996 34,776,389 14,610,410 160,205 308
11 Odisha 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 450,054 979 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269
12 Telangana 35,193,978 2.91 17,704,078 17,489,900 214,178 988 21,585,313 13,608,665 114,840 307
13 Kerala 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 −1,351,237 1084 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859
14 Jharkhand 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 872,496 948 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414
15 Assam 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 673,310 958 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397
16 Punjab 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 1,535,592 895 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550
17 Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 120,592 991 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189
18 Haryana 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 1,638,006 879 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573
19 Delhi (UT) 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 1,086,711 868 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297
20 Jammu and Kashmir 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 740,022 889 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56
21 Uttarakhand 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 189,254 963 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189
22 Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 99,144 972 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123
23 Tripura 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 74,835 960 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350
24 Meghalaya 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 16,775 989 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132
25 Manipur 2,855,794 0.24 1,438,687 1,417,107 21,580 985 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 128
26 Nagaland 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 70,796 931 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119
27 Goa 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 19,735 973 551,414 906,309 3,702 394
28 Arunachal Pradesh 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 44,097 938 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17
29 Puducherry (UT) 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 −22,931 1037 394,341 850,123 479 2,598
30 Mizoram 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 13,472 976 529,037 561,997 21,081 52
31 Chandigarh (UT) 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 105,876 818 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252
32 Sikkim 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 35,563 890 455,962 151,726 7,096 86
33 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT) 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 25,161 876 244,411 135,533 8,249 46
34 Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 43,811 774 183,024 159,829 491 698
35 Daman and Diu (UT) 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 57,355 618 60,331 182,580 112 2,169
36 Lakshadweep (UT) 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 1,773 946 14,121 50,308 32 2,013
– Total (India) 1,210,854,977 100 623,724,248 586,469,174 35,585,741 943 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382

Religious demographics

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Main article: Religion in India

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)[64]
Religion Population Percentage (%)
Hindus 966,378,868
79.80%
Muslims 172,245,158
14.23%
Christians 27,819,588
2.30%
Sikhs 20,833,116
1.72%
Buddhists 8,442,972
0.70%
Jains 4,451,753
0.37%
Others 7,937,734
0.66%
Not Stated 2,867,303
0.24%
Changes in religious demographics over time
Year Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jainis Zoroastrians Others/
Religion not specified
1951
84.1%
9.8%
2.3%
1.79%
0.74%
0.46%
0.13%
0.43%
1961
83.45%
10.69%
2.44%
1.79%
0.74%
0.46%
0.09%
0.43%
1971
82.73%
11.21%
2.60%
1.89%
0.70%
0.48%
0.09%
0.41%
1981
82.30%
11.75%
2.44%
1.92%
0.70%
0.47%
0.09%
0.42%
1991
81.53%
12.61%
2.32%
1.94%
0.77%
0.40%
0.08%
0.44%
2001
80.46%
13.43%
2.34%
1.87%
0.77%
0.41%
0.06%
0.72%
2011[65]
79.80%
14.23%
2.30%
1.72%
0.70%
0.37%
 —
0.9%
Characteristics of religious groups[65]
Religious
group 		Population (2011)
% 		Growth
(2001–2011)[66][67] 		Sex ratio (2011) Literacy (2011)
(%)[68] 		Work participation (2011)
(%)[69][70]
total[69] rural urban child[71]
Hinduism 79.80% 16.8% 939 946 921 913 73.3% 41.0%
Islam 14.23% 24.6% 951 957 941 943 68.5% 32.6%
Christianity 2.30% 15.5% 1023 1008 1046 958 84.5% 41.9%
Sikhism 1.72% 8.4% 903 905 898 828 75.4% 36.3%
Buddhism 0.70% 6.1% 965 960 973 933 81.3% 43.1%
Jainism 0.37% 5.4% 954 935 959 889 94.9% 35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified 0.90% n/a 959 947 975 974 n/a n/a
 
Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)[72]

Neonatal and infant demographics

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Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.[73] The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.[74]

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
Year Male Female Total
1998[75] 69.8 73.5 71.6
2005[74] 56.3 58 57[76]
2009[77] 49 52 —
2014[78] 43.7 37.90 40.7[76]
2018[79] 29.95 29.88 29.94[79]

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.[80]

Population within the age group of 0–6

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Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory[81]
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female Difference
1 Jammu and Kashmir 2,008,670 1,080,662 927,982 152,680
2 Himachal Pradesh 763,864 400,681 363,183 37,498
3 Punjab 2,941,570 1,593,262 1,348,308 244,954
4 Chandigarh 117,953 63,187 54,766 8,421
5 Uttarakhand 1,328,844 704,769 624,075 80,694
6 Haryana 3,297,724 1,802,047 1,495,677 306,370
7 Delhi 1,970,510 1,055,735 914,775 140,960
8 Rajasthan 10,504,916 5,580,212 4,924,004 656,208
9 Uttar Pradesh 29,728,235 15,653,175 14,075,060 1,578,115
10 Bihar 18,582,229 9,615,280 8,966,949 648,331
11 Sikkim 61,077 31,418 29,659 1,759
12 Arunachal Pradesh 202,759 103,430 99,330 4,100
13 Nagaland 285,981 147,111 138,870 8,241
14 Manipur 353,237 182,684 170,553 12,131
15 Mizoram 165,536 83,965 81,571 2,394
16 Tripura 444,055 227,354 216,701 10,653
17 Meghalaya 555,822 282,189 273,633 8,556
18 Assam 4,511,307 2,305,088 2,206,219 98,869
19 West Bengal 10,112,599 5,187,264 4,925,335 261,929
20 Jharkhand 5,237,582 2,695,921 2,541,661 154,260
21 Odisha 5,035,650 2,603,208 2,432,442 170,766
22 Chhattisgarh 3,584,028 1,824,987 1,759,041 65,946
23 Madhya Pradesh 10,548,295 5,516,957 5,031,338 485,619
24 Gujarat 7,564,464 3,974,286 3,519,890 454,396
25 Daman and Diu 25,880 13,556 12,314 1,242
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 49,196 25,575 23,621 1,954
27 Maharashtra 12,848,375 6,822,262 6,026,113 796,149
28 Andhra Pradesh 8,642,686 4,448,330 4,194,356 253,974
29 Karnataka 6,855,801 3,527,844 3,327,957 199,887
30 Goa 139,495 72,669 66,826 5,843
31 Lakshadweep 7,088 3,715 3,373 342
32 Kerala 3,322,247 1,695,889 1,626,358 69,531
33 Tamil Nadu 6,894,821 3,542,351 3,352,470 189,881
34 Puducherry 127,610 64,932 62,678 2,254
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 39,497 20,094 19,403 691
– Total (India) 158,789,287 82,952,135 75,837,152 7,114,983

Population above the age of seven

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Population above the age of seven by state/union territory[81]
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female
1 Jammu and Kashmir – – –
2 Himachal Pradesh – – –
3 Punjab – – –
4 Chandigarh – – –
5 Uttarakhand – – –
6 Haryana 22,055,357 11,703,083 10,352,274
7 Delhi 14,782,725 7,920,675 6,862,050
8 Rajasthan 58,116,096 30,039,874 28,076,222
9 Uttar Pradesh 169,853,242 88,943,240 80,910,002
10 Bihar 85,222,408 44,570,067 40,652,341
11 Sikkim 546,611 290,243 256,368
12 Arunachal Pradesh 1,179,852 616,802 563,050
13 Nagaland 1,694,621 878,596 816,025
14 Manipur 2,368,519 1,187,080 1,181,439
15 Mizoram 925,478 468,374 457,104
16 Tripura 3,226,977 1,644,513 1,582,464
17 Meghalaya 2,408,185 1,210,479 1,197,706
18 Assam 26,657,965 13,649,839 13,008,126
19 West Bengal 81,235,137 41,740,125 39,495,012
20 Jharkhand 27,728,656 14,235,767 13,492,889
21 Odisha 36,911,708 18,598,470 18,313,238
22 Chhattisgarh 21,956,168 11,002,928 10,953,240
23 Madhya Pradesh 62,049,270 32,095,963 29,953,307
24 Gujarat 52,889,452 27,507,996 25,381,456
25 Daman and Diu 217,031 136,544 80,487
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 293,657 167,603 126,054
27 Maharashtra 99,524,597 51,539,135 47,985,462
28 Andhra Pradesh 76,022,847 38,061,551 37,961,296
29 Karnataka 54,274,903 27,529,898 26,745,005
30 Goa 1,318,228 668,042 650,186
31 Lakshadweep 57,341 29,391 27,950
32 Kerala – – –
33 Tamil Nadu 65,244,137 32,616,520 32,627,617
34 Puducherry 1,116,854 545,553 571,301
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 340,447 182,236 158,211
– Total (India) 1,051,404,135 540,772,113 510,632,022

Literacy rate

edit
 
Literacy rate map of India, 2011.[82]
Literacy rate by state/union territory[81]
State or UT code State or UT Overall (%) Male (%) Female (%)
1 Jammu and Kashmir
68.74%
76.75%
58.01%
2 Himachal Pradesh
83.78%
90.83%
76.60%
3 Punjab
86.60%
81.48%
71.34%
4 Chandigarh
86.43%
90.54%
81.38%
5 Uttarakhand
79.63%
88.33%
70.70%
6 Haryana
76.64%
85.38%
66.77%
7 Delhi
86.34%
91.03%
80.93%
8 Rajasthan
67.06%
80.51%
52.66%
9 Uttar Pradesh
69.72%
79.24%
59.26%
10 Bihar
63.82%
73.39%
53.33%
11 Sikkim
82.20%
87.29%
76.43%
12 Arunachal Pradesh
66.95%
73.69%
59.57%
13 Nagaland
80.11%
83.29%
76.69%
14 Manipur
79.85%
86.49%
73.17%
15 Mizoram
91.58%
93.72%
89.40%
16 Tripura
87.75%
92.18%
83.15%
17 Meghalaya
75.48%
77.17%
73.78%
18 Assam
73.18%
78.81%
67.27%
19 West Bengal
77.08%
82.67%
71.16%
20 Jharkhand
67.63%
78.45%
56.21%
21 Odisha
72.90%
82.40%
64.36%
22 Chhattisgarh
71.04%
81.45%
60.59%
23 Madhya Pradesh
70.63%
80.53%
60.02%
24 Gujarat
79.31%
87.23%
70.73%
25 Daman and Diu
87.07%
91.48%
79.59%
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
77.65%
86.46%
65.93%
27 Maharashtra
83.20%
89.82%
75.48%
28 Andhra Pradesh[83]
67.35%
74.77%
59.96%
29 Karnataka
75.60%
82.85%
68.13%
30 Goa
87.40%
92.81%
81.84%
31 Lakshadweep
92.28%
96.11%
88.25%
32 Kerala
93.91%
96.02%
91.98%
33 Tamil Nadu
80.33%
86.81%
73.86%
34 Puducherry
86.55%
92.12%
81.22%
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
86.27%
90.11%
81.84%
– Overall (India)
74.03%
82.14%
65.46%

Linguistic demographics

edit
Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

Mother tongue languages of India (2011)

  Hindi (26.6%)
  Bengali (7.94%)
  Marathi (6.84%)
  Telugu (6.68%)
  Tamil (5.69%)
  Gujarati (4.55%)
  Urdu (4.19%)
  Bhojpuri (4.18%)
  Kannada (3.59%)
  Malayalam (2.87%)
  Others (26.87%)

According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census[84]
Rank Language Speakers Percentage (%)
1 Hindi[note 1] 422,048,642
41.030%
2 Bengali 83,369,769
8.110%
3 Telugu 74,002,856
7.190%
4 Marathi 71,936,894
6.990%
5 Tamil 60,793,814
5.910%
6 Urdu 51,536,111
5.010%
7 Gujarati 46,091,617
4.480%
8 Kannada 37,924,011
3.690%
9 Malayalam 33,066,392
3.210%
10 Odia 33,017,446
3.210%
11 Punjabi 29,102,477
2.830%
12 Assamese 13,168,484
1.280%
13 Maithili 12,179,122
1.180%
14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957
0.930%
15 Santali 6,469,600
0.630%
16 Kashmiri 5,527,698
0.540%
17 Nepali 2,871,749
0.280%
18 Gondi 2,713,790
0.260%
19 Sindhi 2,535,485
0.250%
20 Konkani 2,489,015
0.240%
21 Dogri 2,282,589
0.220%
22 Khandeshi 2,075,258
0.200%
23 Kurukh 1,751,489
0.170%
24 Tulu 1,722,768
0.170%
25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,466,705
0.140%
26 Bodo 1,350,478
0.130%
27 Khasi – Garo 1,128,575
0.112%
28 Mundari 1,061,352
0.105%
29 Ho 1,042,724
0.103%
30 Tripuri 1,011,294
0.103%

Largest cities of India

edit
For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in India by population.
 
 
Largest cities or towns in India
Rank Name State/UT Pop. Rank Name State/UT Pop.
 
Mumbai
 
Delhi 		1 Mumbai Maharashtra 12,478,447 11 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 2,920,067  
Chennai
 
Bangalore
2 Delhi Delhi 11,007,835 12 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2,901,474
3 Chennai Tamil Nadu 8,696,010 13 Nagpur Maharashtra 2,405,421
4 Bangalore Karnataka 8,425,970 14 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1,960,521
5 Hyderabad Telangana 6,809,970 15 Thane Maharashtra 1,818,872
6 Ahmedabad Gujarat 5,570,585 16 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1,795,648
7 Kolkata West Bengal 4,486,679 17 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 1,730,320
8 Surat Gujarat 4,462,002 18 Pimpri-Chinchwad Maharashtra 1,729,359
9 Pune Maharashtra 3,115,431 19 Patna Bihar 1,683,200
10 Jaipur Rajasthan 3,073,350 20 Vadodara Gujarat 1,670,806

Vital statistics

edit

UN estimates

edit
United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2022 revision – India[86]
Year Mid-year population Births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year Crude birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural change
(per 1000) 		Crude migration rate
(per 1000) 		Total Fertility rate Infant mortality (per 1000) Life expectancy
1950 357,021,000 15,651,000 7,942,000 7,709,000 43.8 22.68 21.6 5.73 181.2 41.7
1951 364,922,000 16,042,000 8,171,000 7,871,000 44.0 22.53 21.6 0.5 5.77 180.1 41.7
1952 372,997,000 16,458,000 8,293,000 8,165,000 44.1 22.24 21.9 0.2 5.82 177.5 42.0
1953 381,228,000 16,857,000 8,442,000 8,415,000 44.2 22.07 22.1 0 5.87 175.3 42.2
1954 389,731,000 17,247,000 8,414,000 8,833,000 44.2 21.45 22.7 -0.4 5.91 172.2 43.0
1955 398,578,000 17,549,000 8,468,000 9,081,000 44.0 21.07 22.8 -0.1 5.91 169.7 43.4
1956 407,657,000 17,844,000 8,533,000 9,310,000 43.8 20.74 22.8 0 5.91 167.3 43.8
1957 416,935,000 18,128,000 8,618,000 9,510,000 43.5 20.49 22.8 0 5.91 165.0 44.1
1958 426,296,000 18,370,000 8,673,000 9,696,000 43.1 20.14 22.7 -0.2 5.90 162.7 44.4
1959 435,900,000 18,593,000 8,688,000 9,905,000 42.6 19.72 22.7 -0.2 5.89 160.3 44.9
1960 445,955,000 18,958,000 8,756,000 10,201,000 42.5 19.42 22.9 0.2 5.92 158.2 45.2
1961 456,352,000 19,301,000 8,874,000 10,427,000 42.3 19.23 22.8 0.5 5.94 156.4 45.4
1962 467,024,000 19,663,000 8,969,000 10,693,000 42.1 18.98 22.9 0.5 5.95 154.5 45.7
1963 477,934,000 20,031,000 9,064,000 10,966,000 41.9 18.73 22.9 0.5 5.97 152.7 45.9
1964 489,059,000 20,407,000 9,177,000 11,230,000 41.7 18.51 23.0 0.3 5.98 151.1 46.2
1965 500,114,000 20,679,000 9,824,000 10,855,000 41.3 19.36 21.7 0.9 5.94 156.4 45.0
1966 510,993,000 20,913,000 9,886,000 11,027,000 40.9 19.06 21.6 0.2 5.88 154.7 45.3
1967 521,987,000 21,193,000 9,963,000 11,231,000 40.6 18.78 21.5 0 5.83 153.1 45.7
1968 533,432,000 21,454,000 9,486,000 11,968,000 40.2 17.52 22.4 -0.5 5.76 145.0 47.5
1969 545,315,000 21,704,000 9,551,000 12,154,000 39.8 17.27 22.3 0 5.68 143.3 47.9
1970 557,501,000 22,043,000 9,606,000 12,437,000 39.5 17.01 22.3 -0.1 5.62 141.7 48.2
1971 569,999,000 22,483,000 9,658,000 12,825,000 39.4 16.81 22.5 -0.1 5.57 139.9 48.6
1972 582,838,000 22,835,000 9,702,000 13,133,000 39.2 16.60 22.5 0 5.48 138.5 49.0
1973 596,107,000 23,230,000 9,701,000 13,529,000 39.0 16.31 22.7 0.1 5.40 136.3 49.5
1974 609,722,000 23,559,000 9,628,000 13,931,000 38.6 15.89 22.8 0 5.33 133.3 50.2
1975 623,524,000 23,660,000 9,592,000 14,068,000 37.9 15.53 22.6 0 5.20 130.7 50.8
1976 637,451,000 24,021,000 9,572,000 14,449,000 37.7 15.18 22.7 -0.4 5.13 127.9 51.4
1977 651,686,000 24,042,000 9,555,000 14,487,000 36.9 14.82 22.2 0.1 5.01 124.9 51.9
1978 666,268,000 24,243,000 9,520,000 14,723,000 36.4 14.43 22.1 0.3 4.89 121.7 52.5
1979 681,248,000 24,699,000 9,515,000 15,184,000 36.3 14.07 22.3 0.2 4.81 118.4 53.1
1980 696,828,000 25,235,000 9,530,000 15,705,000 36.2 13.75 22.5 0.4 4.78 115.2 53.6
1981 712,869,000 25,683,000 9,532,000 16,151,000 36.0 13.42 22.7 0.3 4.70 112.1 54.2
1982 729,169,000 25,964,000 9,512,000 16,452,000 35.6 13.09 22.6 0.3 4.62 109.3 54.7
1983 745,827,000 26,329,000 9,487,000 16,842,000 35.3 12.77 22.6 0.2 4.57 106.7 55.3
1984 762,890,005 26,777,000 9,471,000 17,307,000 35.1 12.47 22.7 0.2 4.52 104.2 55.8
1985 780,242,000 27,001,000 9,444,000 17,558,000 34.6 12.16 22.5 0.2 4.43 101.8 56.3
1986 797,879,000 27,522,000 9,434,000 18,088,000 34.5 11.88 22.7 -0.1 4.40 99.4 56.8
1987 815,716,000 27,478,000 9,400,000 18,077,000 33.7 11.58 22.2 0.2 4.31 97.0 57.3
1988 833,730,000 27,654,000 9,369,000 18,286,000 33.2 11.29 21.9 0.2 4.22 94.6 57.8
1989 852,013,000 27,733,000 9,335,000 18,398,000 32.5 11.00 21.6 0.3 4.13 92.2 58.2
1990 870,452,000 27,692,000 9,306,000 18,386,000 31.8 10.73 21.1 0.5 4.05 89.8 58.7
1991 888,942,000 27,937,000 9,295,000 18,642,000 31.4 10.47 21.0 0.2 3.96 87.6 59.1
1992 907,574,000 28,057,000 9,285,000 18,772,000 30.9 10.22 20.7 0.3 3.88 85.5 59.5
1993 926,351,000 28,055,000 9,283,000 18,772,000 30.3 10.00 20.3 0.4 3.80 83.5 59.8
1994 945,262,000 28,207,000 9,270,000 18,937,000 29.8 9.78 20.0 0.4 3.72 81.4 60.2
1995 964,279,000 28,314,000 9,269,000 19,044,000 29.4 9.57 19.7 0.4 3.65 79.3 60.6
1996 983,281,000 28,305,000 9,262,000 19,043,000 28.8 9.37 19.4 0.3 3.58 77.1 61.0
1997 1,002,335,000 28,341,000 9,251,000 19,090,000 28.3 9.17 19.0 0.4 3.51 74.8 61.4
1998 1,021,435,000 28,381,000 9,245,000 19,136,000 27.8 8.99 18.7 0.4 3.45 72.5 61.8
1999 1,040,500,000 28,365,000 9,235,000 19,130,000 27.3 8.80 18.4 0.3 3.38 70.2 62.2
2000 1,059,634,000 28,615,000 9,221,000 19,394,000 27.0 8.63 18.3 0.1 3.35 67.8 62.7
2001 1,078,971,000 28,843,000 9,235,000 19,608,000 26.7 8.48 18.2 0 3.30 65.4 63.1
2002 1,098,313,000 28,648,000 9,186,000 19,462,000 26.1 8.29 17.7 0.2 3.22 63.1 63.6
2003 1,117,415,000 28,356,000 9,150,000 19,206,000 25.4 8.13 17.2 0.2 3.12 60.8 64.1
2004 1,136,265,000 28,099,000 9,136,000 18,963,000 24.7 7.98 16.7 0.2 3.05 58.6 64.5
2005 1,154,639,000 27,646,000 9,096,000 18,550,000 23.9 7.82 16.1 0.1 2.96 56.3 65.0
2006 1,172,374,000 27,229,000 9,080,000 18,149,000 23.2 7.67 15.5 -0.1 2.86 54.1 65.4
2007 1,189,692,000 27,030,000 9,095,000 17,935,000 22.7 7.54 15.1 -0.3 2.78 51.9 65.8
2008 1,206,735,000 26,890,000 9,123,000 17,767,000 22.3 7.41 14.7 -0.4 2.72 49.6 66.1
2009 1,223,640,000 26,848,000 9,154,000 17,694,000 21.9 7.29 14.5 -0.5 2.67 47.4 66.5
2010 1,240,614,000 26,599,000 9,162,000 17,437,000 21.4 7.16 14.1 -0.2 2.60 45.2 66.9
2011 1,257,621,191 26,342,000 9,139,000 17,203,000 20.9 7.05 13.7 0 2.54 43.0 67.4
2012 1,274,487,215 26,027,000 9,072,000 16,954,000 20.4 6.95 13.3 0.1 2.47 40.8 67.9
2013 1,291,132,063 25,740,000 8,987,000 16,753,000 19.9 6.86 13.0 0.1 2.41 38.7 68.5
2014 1,307,246,509 24,899,000 8,876,000 16,023,000 19.0 6.77 12.3 0.2 2.31 36.7 69.1
2015 1,322,866,505 24,828,000 8,826,000 16,003,000 18.8 6.73 12.1 -0.2 2.29 34.7 69.6
2016 1,338,636,340 24,783,000 8,839,000 15,944,000 18.5 6.70 11.9 0 2.27 32.8 70.1
2017 1,354,195,680 24,254,000 8,928,000 15,326,000 17.9 6.67 11.3 0.3 2.20 31.1 70.5
2018 1,369,003,306 24,168,000 9,098,000 15,070,000 17.7 6.67 11.0 -0.1 2.18 29.4 70.7
2019 1,383,112,050 23,583,000 9,281,000 14,302,000 17.0 6.67 10.3 0 2.11 27.9 70.9
2020 1,396,387,127 23,139,000 10,262,000 12,876,000 16.6 7.21 9.2 0.4 2.05 26.6 70.1
2021 1,407,563,842 23,114,000 13,511,232  9,602,768 16.4 9.26 7.0 -1.0 2.03 25.5 67.2
2022 1,417,173,173 23,056,027 12,862,015 10,194,012 16.3 6.58 7.2 -0.4 2.01 67.7
2023 1,428,627,663 23,162,866 11,222,240 11,940,626 16.1 6.61 9.5 -1.4 2.00(e) 72.0

Census of India: sample registration system

edit
 
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Census of India: sample registration system[87][88][89][90]
Year Average population
 Live births1 Deaths1 Natural change Crude birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural change
(per 1000) 		Total fertility rate
1981 716,493,000 24,289,000 8,956,000 15,333,000 33.9 12.5 21.4 4.52
1982 733,152,000 24,781,000 8,725,000 16,056,000 33.8 11.9 21.9 4.5
1983 750,034,000 25,276,000 8,925,000 16,351,000 33.7 11.9 21.8 4.5
1984 767,147,000 26,006,000 9,666,000 16,340,000 33.9 12.6 21.3 4.5
1985 784,491,000 25,810,000 9,257,000 16,553,000 32.9 11.8 21.1 4.3
1986 802,052,000 26,147,000 8,903,000 17,244,000 32.6 11.1 21.5 4.15
1987 819,800,000 26,316,000 8,936,000 17,380,000 32.1 10.9 21.2 4.1
1988 837,700,000 26,388,000 9,215,000 17,173,000 31.5 11.0 20.5 4.0
1989 855,707,000 26,185,000 8,814,000 17,371,000 30.6 10.3 20.3 3.9
1990 873,785,000 26,388,000 8,476,000 17,912,000 30.2 9.7 20.5 3.8
1991 891,910,000 26,133,000 8,741,000 17,392,000 29.3 9.8 19.5 3.64
1992 910,065,000 26,392,000 9,192,000 17,200,000 29.0 10.1 18.9 3.6
1993 928,226,000 26,640,000 8,633,000 18,007,000 0 9.3 19.4 3.5
1994 946,373,000 27,161,000 8,801,000 18,360,000 28.7 9.3 19.4 3.5
1995 964,486,000 27,295,000 8,680,000 18,615,000 28.3 9.0 19.3 3.5
1996 982,553,000 26,824,000 8,745,000 18,079,000 27.3 8.9 18.4 3.40
1997 1,000,558,000 27,215,000 8,905,000 18,310,000 27.2 8.9 18.3 3.3
1998 1,018,471,000 26,989,000 9,166,000 17,823,000 26.5 9.0 17.5 3.2
1999 1,036,259,000 26,943,000 9,015,000 17,928,000 26.0 8.7 17.3 3.2
2000 1,053,898,000 27,191,000 8,958,000 18,233,000 25.8 8.5 17.3 3.2
2001 1,071,374,000 27,213,000 9,000,000 18,213,000 25.4 8.4 17.0 3.10
2002 1,088,694,000 27,217,000 8,818,000 18,399,000 25.0 8.1 16.9 3.0
2003 1,105,886,000 27,426,000 8,847,000 18,579,000 24.8 8.0 16.8 3.0
2004 1,122,991,000 27,064,000 8,422,000 18,642,000 24.1 7.5 16.6 2.9
2005 1,140,043,000 27,133,000 8,664,000 18,469,000 23.8 7.6 16.2 2.9
2006 1,157,039,000 27,190,000 8,678,000 18,512,000 23.5 7.5 16.0 2.79
2007 1,134,024,000 26,195,954 8,391,778 17,804,176 23.1 7.4 15.7 2.7
2008 1,150,196,000 26,224,469 8,511,450 17,713,019 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.6
2009 1,166,228,000 26,240,130 8,513,464 17,726,666 22.5 7.3 15.2 2.6
2010 1,182,108,000 26,124,587 8,511,178 17,613,409 22.1 7.2 14.9 2.5
2011 1,197,658,000 26,108,944 8,503,372 17,605,572 21.8 7.1 14.7 2.44
2012 1,212,827,000 26,197,063 8,489,789 17,707,274 21.6 7.0 14.6 2.38
2013 1,227,012,000 26,258,057 8,589,084 17,668,973 21.4 7.0 14.4 2.34
2014 1,243,542,000 25,904,377 8,264,730 17,639,647 21.0 6.7 14.3 2.32
2015 1,259,108,000 26,189,446 8,184,202 18,005,244 20.8 6.5 14.3 2.27
2016 1,273,986,000 25,989,314 8,153,510 17,835,804 20.4 6.4 14.0 2.26
2017[91] 1,288,522,000 26,028,144 8,117,689 17,910,455 20.2 6.3 13.9 2.18
2018 1,324,609,000 26,492,180 8,212,576 18,279,604 20.0 6.2 13.8 2.15
2019 1,338,995,000 24,820,886 7,641,076 17,179,810 18.5 5.7 12.8 2.08[92]
2020 1,353,378,000 24,222,444 8,115,882 16,106,562 17.9 6.0 11.9 2.03
1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Life expectancy

edit
See also: List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth
 
Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–2021)

[93]

 
Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap[94]
Period Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at age 15 Life expectancy at age 65 Life expectancy at age 80
1950–1955 41.7 45.0 10.9 4.8
1955–1960 43.4 45.6 11.1 4.8
1960–1965 45.2 46.4 11.2 4.9
1965–1970 45.0 46.1 11.2 4.9
1970–1975 48.2 48.0 11.2 5.1
1975–1980 50.8 49.8 12.3 6.0
1980–1985 53.6 51.0 12.2 5.8
1985–1990 56.3 52.4 12.3 5.8
1990–1995 58.7 53.3 12.6 5.9
1995–2000 60.6 54.1 13.0 6.2
2000–2005 62.7 54.9 13.6 6.6
2005–2010 65.0 56.0 13.9 6.4
2010–2015 66.9 56.6 14.1 6.4
2015-2020 69.6 58.2 15.3 7.5
2020-2025 70.1 57.8 14.7 7.1

Source 1: UN World Population Prospects[95]

Source 2: Our World in Data[96]

Structure of the population

edit

Structure of the population (Census 9.II.2011)

Population by age group
Age group Male Female Total Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage
0–4 58,632,074 54,174,704 112,806,778 9.32 9.32
5–9 66,300,466 60,627,660 126,928,126 10.48 19.8
10–14 69,418,835 63,290,377 132,709,212 10.96 30.76
15–19 63,982,396 56,544,053 120,526,449 9.95 40.71
20–24 57,584,693 53,839,529 111,424,222 9.20 49.91
25–29 51,344,208 50,069,757 101,413,965 8.38 58.29
30–34 44,660,674 43,934,277 88,594,951 7.32 65.61
35–39 42,919,381 42,221,303 85,140,684 7.03 72.64
40–44 37,545,386 34,892,726 72,438,112 5.98 78.62
45–49 32,138,114 30,180,213 62,318,327 5.15 83.77
50–54 25,843,266 23,225,988 49,069,254 4.05 87.82
55–59 19,456,012 19,690,043 39,146,055 3.23 91.05
60–64 18,701,749 18,961,958 37,663,707 3.11 94.16
65–69 12,944,326 13,510,657 26,454,983 2.18 96.34
70–74 9,651,499 9,557,343 19,208,842 1.59 97.93
75–79 4,490,603 4,741,900 9,232,503 0.76 98.69
80–84 2,927,040 3,293,189 6,220,229 0.51 99.2
85–89 1,120,106 1,263,061 2,383,167 0.20 99.4
90–94 652,465 794,069 1,446,534 0.12 99.52
95–99 294,759 338,538 633,297 0.05 99.57
100+ 289,325 316,453 605,778 0.05 99.62
Unknown 2,372,881 2,116,921 4,489,802 0.37 99.99
Total 623,270,258 587,584,719 1,210,854,977 100.00
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 194,351,375 178,092,741 372,444,116 30.76
15–64 394,175,879 373,559,847 767,735,726 63.40
65+ 32,370,123 33,815,210 66,185,333 5.47

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):[97]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 664,184,000 626,890,000 1,291,074,000 100
0–4 62,872,000 56,038,000 118,910,000 9.21
5–9 61,499,000 56,969,000 118,468,000 9.18
10–14 65,142,000 59,682,000 124,824,000 9.67
15–19 67,223,000 60,871,000 128,094,000 9.92
20–24 63,521,000 57,356,000 120,877,000 9.36
25–29 57,272,000 53,357,000 110,629,000 8.57
30–34 50,782,000 49,250,000 100,032,000 7.75
35–39 45,318,000 44,787,000 90,105,000 6.98
40–44 41,280,000 40,497,000 81,777,000 6.33
45–49 36,602,000 35,107,000 71,709,000 5.55
50–54 30,738,000 29,016,000 59,754,000 4.63
55–59 24,403,000 23,307,000 47,710,000 3.70
60–64 19,133,000 19,288,000 38,421,000 2.98
65–69 15,198,000 16,114,000 31,312,000 2.43
70–74 11,002,000 11,723,000 22,725,000 1.76
75–79 7,703,000 8,367,000 16,070,000 1.24
80+ 4,496,000 5,161,000 9,657,000 0.75
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 189,513,000 172,689,000 362,202,000 28.05
15–64 436,272,000 412,836,000 849,108,000 65.77
65+ 38,399,000 41,365,000 79,764,000 6.18

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):[98]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 700 623 000 662 383 000 1 363 006 000 100
0–4 60 153 000 54 120 000 114 273 000 8.38
5–9 62 276 000 55 390 000 117 666 000 8.63
10–14 61 266 000 56 785 000 118 051 000 8.66
15–19 64 862 000 59 420 000 124 282 000 9.12
20–24 66 770 000 60 474 000 127 244 000 9.34
25–29 62 944 000 56 956 000 119 900 000 8.80
30–34 56 614 000 52 961 000 109 575 000 8.04
35–39 50 027 000 48 836 000 98 863 000 7.25
40–44 44 450 000 44 315 000 88 765 000 6.51
45–49 40 204 000 39 903 000 80 107 000 5.88
50–54 35 235 000 34 331 000 69 566 000 5.10
55–59 29 082 000 28 062 000 57 144 000 4.19
60–64 22 465 000 22 079 000 44 544 000 3.27
65–69 16 823 000 17 583 000 34 406 000 2.52
70–74 12 546 000 13 904 000 26 450 000 1.94
75–79 8 269 000 9 294 000 17 563 000 1.29
80+ 6 637 000 7 970 000 14 607 000 1.07
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 183 695 000 166 295 000 349 990 000 25.68
15–64 472 653 000 447 337 000 919 990 000 67.50
65+ 44 275 000 48 751 000 93 026 000 6.83

Fertility rate

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From the Demographic Health Survey:[99]

 
TFR of India to 2016
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
Year Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR1 CBR TFR1 CBR TFR1
1992–1993 28.7 3.39 (2.64) 24.1 2.70 (2.09) 30.4 3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999 24.8 2.85 (2.13) 20.9 2.27 (1.73) 26.2 3.07 (2.28)
2005–2006 23.1 2.68 (1.90) 18.8 2.06 (1.60) 25.0 2.98 (2.10)
2015–2016 19.0 2.18 (1.8) 15.8 1.75 (1.5) 20.7 2.41 (1.9)
2019–2021 17.1 1.99 (1.6) 14.0 1.63 (1.4) 18.6 2.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
Year Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist/
Neo-Buddhist 		Jain Other
2019–2021 1.94 (1.6) 2.36 (1.8) 1.88 (1.7) 1.61 (1.4) 1.39 (1.2) 1.60 (1.5) 2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
State (Population 2011) Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR1 CBR TFR1 CBR TFR1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 22.6 2.74 (2.06) 18.6 2.08 (1.62) 24.0 2.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 16.6 1.87 (1.57) 15.5 1.68 (1.41) 17.5 2.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452) 27.1 3.41 (2.48) 20.4 2.42 (1.83) 28.0 3.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 16.6 1.77 (1.53) 14.0 1.57 (1.38) 18.0 1.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 20.2 2.32 (1.82) 17.7 1.95 (1.61) 21.3 2.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 15.5 1.70 (1.51) 13.9 1.54 (1.38) 17.2 1.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 20.8 2.40 (1.81) 17.5 1.94 (1.52) 22.0 2.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 15.9 1.81 (1.42) 15.2 1.65 (1.30) 16.5 1.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 16.7 2.03 (1.54) 15.3 1.82 (1.39) 17.9 2.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 16.1 1.83 (1.64) 13.9 1.53 (1.39) 17.0 1.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218) 18.1 2.05 (1.69) 15.6 1.73 (1.50) 18.7 2.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978) 17.1 1.79 (1.59) 17.1 1.67 (1.53) 17.2 1.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.2 1.56 (1.47) 11.4 1.57 (1.47) 11.0 1.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 21.7 2.55 (2.06) 16.3 1.78 (1.47) 23.5 2.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576) 19.5 2.21 (1.78) 13.2 1.45 (1.25) 20.5 2.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.8 1.62 (1.37) 13.5 1.59 (1.32) 14.0 1.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 20.7 2.23 (1.88) 17.9 1.78 (1.58) 21.5 2.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462) 18.7 2.05 (1.63) 16.3 1.78 (1.44) 20.2 2.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 17.7 2.01 (1.67) 13.9 1.58 (1.39) 19.4 2.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 19.0 2.07 (1.60) 17.1 1.80 (1.43) 20.0 2.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 15.3 1.88 (1.55) 12.0 1.43 (1.15) 15.7 1.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917) 15.3 1.69 (1.55) 12.7 1.40 (1.34) 16.4 1.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.6 3.04 (2.79) 16.1 1.67 (1.57) 26.7 3.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794) 21.2 2.61 (2.33) 17.5 2.14 (1.96) 23.7 2.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 21.4 2.74 (2.35) 16.3 1.78 (1.58) 24.1 3.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545) 12.8 1.66 (1.37) 13.4 1.72 (1.37) 11.7 1.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 17.9 2.12 (1.64) 17.0 1.69 (1.26) 18.2 2.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 18.7 2.26 (2.15) 16.9 1.97 (1.89) 21.2 2.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577) 11.4 1.17 (0.88) 12.1 1.11 (0.82) 11.1 1.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021[100]
State (Population 2011) Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR1 CBR TFR1 CBR TFR1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 20.5 2.35 (1.77) 16.7 1.88 (1.49) 21.8 2.50 (1.86)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 13.8 1.71 (1.43) 12.6 1.50 (1.27) 15.0 1.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452) 25.9 2.98 (2.25) 20.4 2.35 (1.88) 27.0 3.11 (2.31)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 15.5 1.64 (1.42) 12.4 1.39 (1.24) 17.0 1.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 17.2 1.99 (1.61) 13.7 1.61 (1.34) 18.5 2.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 13.7 1.76 (1.59) 12.7 1.61 (1.50) 14.6 1.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 18.7 2.01 (1.61) 15.3 1.67 (1.42) 19.8 2.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 14.2 1.67 (1.38) 13.2 1.50 (1.25) 14.9 1.79 (1.46)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 15.0 1.86 (1.53) 13.3 1.65 (1.39) 16.3 2.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 13.8 1.68 (1.55) 12.5 1.47 (1.36) 14.3 1.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218) 15.9 1.82 (1.52) 13.1 1.48 (1.26) 16.5 1.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978) 15.3 1.75 (1.55) 16.0 1.75 (1.57) 15.3 1.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.8 1.79 (1.68) 11.9 1.82 (1.71) 11.6 1.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 20.2 2.26 (1.87) 14.2 1.56 (1.32) 22.0 2.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576) 16.8 1.87 (1.56) 13.1 1.50 (1.37) 17.4 1.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.3 1.63 (1.35) 12.1 1.55 (1.29) 14.0 1.68 (1.38)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 16.4 1.82 (1.57) 13.6 1.42 (1.28) 17.2 1.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462) 16.4 1.91 (1.54) 14.1 1.65 (1.38) 17.5 2.04 (1.62)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 13.1 1.41 (1.3)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 16.7 1.85 (1.46) 16.8 1.84 (1.47) 16.6 1.86 (1.47)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 12.7 1.66 (1.43) 11.2 1.43 (1.36) 12.9 1.69 (1.44)
Tripura (3 673 917) 14.5 1.70 (1.49) 11.0 1.39 (1.29) 15.8 1.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.2 2.91 (2.66) 14.8 1.57 (1.43) 26.5 3.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794) 17.4 2.17 (1.98) 14.7 1.84 (1.73) 19.1 2.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 15.4 1.72 (1.57) 12.5 1.21 (1.13) 16.8 2.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545) 10.3 1.30 (1.21) 10.3 1.26 (1.19) 10.3 1.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 16.0 1.80 (1.49) 14.8 1.44 (1.24) 16.2 1.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 15.0 1.87 (1.78) 13.9 1.63 (1.56) 16.4 2.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577) 10.2 1.05 (0.85) 7.8 0.71 (0.54) 11.7 1.32 (1.11)
Delhi 14.8 1.62 (1.29) 14.6 1.60 (1.27) 23.4 2.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

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Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)[101]
State or UT Birth rate Death rate Natural growth rate Infant mortality rate
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 15.6 15.5 15.8 4.3 4.8 3.3 11.3 10.7 12.6 25 29 18
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 18.3 16.7 7.6 8.6 5.4 10.2 9.7 11.3 46 51 33
Arunachal Pradesh 20.5 22.1 14.6 5.9 6.9 2.3 14.6 15.2 12.3 31 34 12
Assam 23.2 24.4 15.8 8.2 8.6 5.8 14.9 15.8 10.1 58 60 36
Bihar 28.1 28.8 22.0 6.8 7.0 5.6 21.3 21.8 16.4 48 49 38
Chandigarh 15.6 21.6 15.0 3.9 3.7 3.9 11.6 17.9 11.0 22 20 23
Chhattisgarh 25.3 26.8 18.6 8.0 8.4 6.2 17.3 18.4 12.4 51 52 44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 26.6 26.0 28.6 4.7 5.1 3.3 21.9 20.9 25.3 38 43 22
Daman and Diu 18.8 19.1 18.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 13.9 14.2 13.6 23 19 29
Delhi 17.8 19.7 17.5 4.2 4.6 4.1 13.6 15.0 13.4 30 37 29
Goa 13.2 12.6 13.7 6.6 8.1 5.7 6.6 4.5 8.0 10 10 10
Gujarat 21.8 23.3 19.4 6.7 7.5 5.5 15.1 15.8 14.0 44 51 30
Haryana 22.3 23.3 19.8 6.6 7.0 5.6 15.7 16.3 14.3 48 51 38
Himachal Pradesh 16.9 17.5 11.5 6.9 7.2 4.2 10.0 10.3 7.3 40 41 29
Jammu and Kashmir 18.3 19.5 13.5 5.7 5.9 4.7 12.6 13.6 8.8 43 45 32
Jharkhand 25.3 26.7 19.3 7.0 7.4 5.4 18.3 19.3 13.9 42 44 30
Karnataka 19.2 20.2 17.5 7.1 8.1 5.4 12.1 12.1 12.1 38 43 28
Kerala 14.8 14.8 14.8 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.7 8.1 13 14 10
Lakshadweep 14.3 15.5 13.2 6.4 6.1 6.7 8.0 9.5 6.5 25 23 27
Madhya Pradesh 27.3 29.2 20.5 8.3 9.0 6.0 18.9 20.2 14.5 62 67 42
Maharashtra 17.1 17.6 16.4 6.5 7.5 5.3 10.6 10.2 11.1 28 34 20
Manipur 14.9 14.8 15.3 4.2 4.3 4.0 10.7 10.5 11.3 14 15 9
Meghalaya 24.5 26.6 14.8 7.9 8.4 5.6 16.6 18.2 9.2 55 58 37
Mizoram 17.1 21.1 13.0 4.5 5.4 3.7 12.5 15.7 9.3 37 47 21
Nagaland 16.8 17.0 16.0 3.6 3.7 3.3 13.2 13.3 12.7 23 24 20
Odisha 20.5 21.4 15.2 8.6 9.0 6.6 11.9 12.4 8.6 61 63 43
Puducherry 16.7 16.7 16.7 7.4 8.2 7.0 9.3 8.5 9.6 22 25 21
Punjab 16.6 17.2 15.6 7.0 7.7 5.8 9.6 9.5 9.8 34 37 28
Rajasthan 26.7 27.9 22.9 6.7 6.9 6.0 20.0 20.9 16.9 55 61 31
Sikkim 17.8 18.1 16.1 5.6 5.9 3.8 12.3 12.3 12.3 30 31 19
Tamil Nadu 15.9 16.0 15.8 7.6 8.2 6.9 8.3 7.8 8.9 24 25 22
Tripura 14.9 15.6 11.5 5.0 4.8 5.7 9.9 10.8 5.8 27 29 19
Uttar Pradesh 28.3 29.2 24.2 8.1 8.5 6.3 20.2 20.7 17.9 61 64 44
Uttarakhand 19.3 20.2 16.2 6.3 6.7 5.1 13.0 13.5 11.1 38 41 25
West Bengal 16.8 18.6 11.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 10.7 12.6 5.6 31 32 25

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

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Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.[102]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population
1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),[103]
1,210 million (2011 census),[104]
1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)[105]
Rural population:
62.2%
male: 381,668,992
female: 360,948,755
Age structure:
0–14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
15–24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
25–54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
55–64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
65+ years: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)
Median age:
Total: 29.5 years (2023 est.) (See List of countries by median age.)
Male: 28 years
Female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)[106]
Population growth rate :
0.67% (2022 est)[107]
Literacy rate
74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)[108]
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)[109]
Per cent of population below poverty line:
22% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
7.8%
Net migration rate:
0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)[106]
Sex ratio:
At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Total population: 69.7 years
Male: 68.4 years
Female: 71.2 years (2020 est.)[106]
Total fertility rate:
2.00 (2023 est.)[106][110][111]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was:

Hindus, 2.7
Muslims, 3.1
Christians, 2.4
Sikhs, 2.0[112]
Religious Composition:
Hindus 79.5%
Muslims 15%
Christian 2.3%
Sikh 1.7%
other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)[106][113][114][115][116]
Scheduled castes and tribes:
Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census)[117][118]
scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)
Languages

See Languages of India and List of languages by number of native speakers in India. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[119][120]

Caste/Tribe

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Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:[citation needed]

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
Caste/Tribe population percentage notes
Total population 731,000,000
100%
 *Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes 164,913,600
22.56%
Scheduled castes 110,015,500
15.05%
Scheduled tribes 54,898,100
7.51%
Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities 128,509,800
17.58%
Brahmin (including Bhumihar) 40,351,200
5.52%
Kshtriyas(Rajput) 28,509,000
3.90%
Maratha 16,155,100
2.21%
Jats 7,310,000
1%
Vaishya, Bania, etc. 13,742,800
1.88%
Kayasthas 7,821,700
1.07%
Others [ Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ] 14,620,000
2%
Non-Hindu communities and groups 121,346,000
16.6%
 Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T) 81,798,900
11.19%
0.02%
Christian (Non S.T) 15,789,600
2.16%
0.44%
Sikh (Non scheduled) 12,207,700
1.67%
0.22%
Buddhist (Non S.T) 4,897,700
0.67%
0.03%
Jain (Non scheduled) 3,435,700
0.47%
Other backward classes and communities (OBC) 380,120,000
52%
 *OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC 318,716,000
43.60%
Non-Hindu OBC 61,404,000
8.40%
 *52% of Non-Hindus

Ethnic groups

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See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Caste system in India, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, and Languages of India
Population of India by Ethnic Group (Share of Total Population): 1951-2011
Year Indo-Aryans and Aryanized people (%) Dravidian people (%) Sino-Tibetan people (%) Austroasiatic (%) Negrito (%) Others (%)
1951 71.86 23.95 2.99 0.60 0.006 0.594
1961 72.24 23.91 2.93 0.59 0.005 0.325
1971 72.02 23.49 2.94 0.59 0.005 0.955
1981 71.98 23.98 2.88 0.58 0.005 0.575
1991 72.08 24.02 2.80 0.56 0.004 0.536
2001 71.25 24.89 2.83 0.57 0.004 0.456
2011 70.17 25.26 2.99 0.65 0.004 0.926

Sources:

  • Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
 1. **1951 Census of India:**
  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [1].

2. **1961 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

3. **1971 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

4. **1981 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

5. **1991 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

6. **2001 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

7. **2011 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].
  • Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 [citation needed].

2. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 [citation needed].

3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly[citation needed].

Race and ethnicity

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The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,[121] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India). For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups.

Linguistic groups in India chart[122][123]

  Indo-Aryan (75%)
  Dravidian (20%)
  Kolarian, Tibeto-Burman, Khasi, Tai and others (5%)

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[124][125] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.[126] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.[127]

India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

Major Ethnic Groups

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Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People

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Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

General Phenotype: Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium to dark skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.

Sources:

  • C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951.[128]
  • S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X.[129]

Dravidian People

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Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala.

General Phenotype: Dravidians generally have darker skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.

Sources:

  • K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966.[130]
  • M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976.[131]

Sino-Tibetan People

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Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim.

General Phenotype: Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.

Sources:

  • H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891.[132]
  • R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974.[133]

Austroasiatic Peoples

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Geographical Distribution: Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.

General Phenotype: Austroasiatic people generally have light to medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.

Sources:

  • D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961.[134]
  • N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003.[135]

Negrito

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Geographical Distribution: Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

General Phenotype: Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.

Sources:

  • L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901.[136]
  • V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972.[137]

Genetics

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See also: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

Y-chromosome DNA

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[138]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[139]

H
30%
R1a
34%
R2
15%
L
10%
NOP
10%
 (Excluding R)
Other Haplogroups
15%

Mitochondrial DNA

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[140]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[141]

Haplogroup M
60%
Haplogroup UK
15%
Haplogroup N
25%
 (Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA

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Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

  • In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al.. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[142]
  • In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al.., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[143][144]
  • Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al.. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[144]
  • In 2006, Sahoo et al.. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[145][146]
  • The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[143]

See also

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Government

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Lists

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Charts

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Notes

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  1. ^ includes Bihari languages, Bajri Rajasthani languages, Pahari, Awadhi language, Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language, Banjari Language. A total of 12 types.

References

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Medieval India
  • Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
  • Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
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