Dhaka District (Bengali: ঢাকা জেলা, romanized: Ḍhākā jēlā) is a district in central Bangladesh,[6] and is the densest district in the nation. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and rests on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River which flows from the Turag to the southern part of the district. The former Dhaka city corporation occupied only about a fifth of the area of Dhaka district until 2011 where the municipal corporation was fractionated and rearranged in North and South corporations due to being the economic, political and cultural centre of the district and also the country. Dhaka District consists of Dhaka, Keraniganj, Nawabganj, Dohar, Savar and Dhamrai upazila. Dhaka District is an administrative entity, and like many other cities, it does not cover the modern conurbation which is Greater Dhaka, which has spilled into neighbouring districts, nor does the conurbation cover the whole district, as there are rural areas within the district.
Dhaka District
ঢাকা জেলা Dhaka Zilla | |
|---|---|
     | |
 Location of Dhaka District within Bangladesh | |
 Expandable map of Dhaka District | |
| Coordinates: 23°47′N 90°18′E / 23.79°N 90.30°E | |
| Country |  Bangladesh |
| Division | Dhaka |
| Headquarters | Dhaka |
| Government | |
| • Deputy Commissioner | Md. Mominur Rahman[1] |
| • District Council Chairman | Md. Mahbubur Rahman[2] |
| • Chief Executive Officer | Md. Mamunur Rashid |
| Area | |
• District | 1,463.6 km2 (565.1 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• District | 14,734,701 |
| • Rank | 1st in Bangladesh |
| • Density | 10,000/km2 (26,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 11,237,217 |
| • Rural | 3,497,484 |
| Demonym(s) | Dhakai, Dhakaiya |
| GDP (2015 US dollar) | |
| • Total | $50.1 billion (2023)[4] |
| • Per capita | $3,600 (2023) |
| GDP (PPP, 2015 international dollar) | |
| • Total | $167.2 billion (2023) |
| • Per capita | $12,100 (2023) |
| Postal code | 1000 |
| Area code | 02 |
| ISO 3166 code | BD-13 |
| HDI (2022) |  0.756[5]high · 1st of 20 |
| Website | www |
Geography
editDhaka District shares borders with Gazipur and Tangail to the north, Munshiganj and Rajbari to the south, Narayanganj to the east and Manikganj to the west. The main rivers flowing through this district are Padma, Kaliganga, Dhaleshwari, Ichamati, Shitalakshya, Buriganga and numerous smaller rivers including Bangshi, Turag, Balu, Elamjani, Alam, Bherujkha, Ramkrishnadi, Elisamari, Tulsikhali. Major lakes ("beels") include Belai, Saldaher, Labandaher, Churain, Damsharan and Kiranjir Beel. The annual average temperature of the district is maximum 41.1 °C, minimum 11.5 °C; the average annual rainfall 1931mm.
History
edit
The administrative Dhaka District was first established in 1772, but the existence of urbanised settlements in the area that is now Dhaka city – dates from the 7th century. The present-day Savar was the capital of the Sanbagh Kingdom during the seventh and eighth centuries. The city area of Dhaka was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century. Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple by Ballal Sena in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area were identified as Bengalla around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centres like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Turkish and Afghan governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.
The development of townships and significant growth in population came as the city was proclaimed the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608. During Mughal rule the areas currently under Dhaka district were famous for their textile products – especially the Muslin. Mughal subahdar Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under the Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (11.8 by 8.1 mi), with a population of nearly a million people. The city passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and eventually to the Crown, British Empire, in 1765 at the Battle of Buxar. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but substantive development and modernisation eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and an electricity supply was launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British Indian military personnel.
During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of Eastern Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911. The rural areas under the present Dhaka district, especially Dohar Upazila were used for the production of indigo.
Following the partition of Bengal in (1947) appending the partition of British India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal as a part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan, while the western part of Bengal with a majority Hindu population had become a part of the new and independent India, designated as West Bengal with Calcutta as state capital. Calcutta witnessed communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from Calcutta, India. The city's population rose dramatically in a very short period of time, which created severe shortages and infrastructural problems.[7] As the centre of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the language movement of 1952, the protests resulted in police firing which killed students who were demonstrating peacefully.[8] Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum.
The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and millions of people were marooned.[citation needed] With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist rally on 7 March 1971 at the Race Course Ground. An estimated one million people attended the gathering, leading to Ziaur Rahman's 26 March declaration of Bangladesh's independence.[8][9] In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people, mainly Hindus and Bengali intellectuals.[10]
During the Bangladesh Liberation War the Pakistan army arrested and killed fourteen Muktijoddhas from Dhamrai Bazar. A mass grave created during the war still exists in the western side of Kalampur Bazar.[11] The Pak army also burnt down many houses in Konakhola, Basta, Brahmankirtha, Goalkhali and Khagail Kholamora villages of Keraniganj Upazila.
The fall of Dhaka city to the allied forces led by Jagjit Singh Aurora on 16 December marked the surrender of the Pakistani army. The post-independence period has seen a rapid and massive growth of the city population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh.[7] A real estate boom followed with urban sprawl and the development of new settlements such as Gulshan, Banani and Motijheel.[7]
Administration
editSubdivisions
editThe district does not cover all parts of Greater Dhaka, and Greater Dhaka does not include all parts of the district, which includes rural areas. The district consists of 57 thana (50 in city corporations, 7 in upazilas), 5 upazilas, 86 unions, 974 mauzas, 1999 villages, 2 City Corporations, 129 City Wards, 855 City Mahallas, 3 paurashavas, 27 wards and 133 mahallas.[13]
The five upazilas in Dhaka district are:
- Dhamrai Upazila, suburban and rural
- Dohar Upazila, suburban and rural
- Keraniganj Upazila, suburban
- Nawabganj Upazila, suburban and rural
- Savar Upazila, suburban
The municipal area of Dhaka City is under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation; for administrative purposes, the municipal area is divided into 92 wards.[6] Tejgaon Development Circle is merged with the two city corporations.
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 4,023,838 | — |
| 1991 | 5,839,642 | +3.79% |
| 2001 | 8,511,228 | +3.84% |
| 2011 | 12,043,977 | +3.53% |
| 2022 | 14,734,701 | +1.85% |
| Sources: [14] | ||
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Dhaka District had 4,035,241 households and a population of 14,734,701 with an average 3.62 people per household. Among the population, 2,231,856 (15.15%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. The population density was 10,067 people per km2. Dhaka District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 84.88%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 865 females per 1000 males. Approximately, 76.26% of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population was 27,137.[3][14]
Religion
edit| Religion | 1941[15]: 94–95 [a] | 1981[14] | 1991[14] | 2001[14] | 2011[14] | 2022[14] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam 
|
565,552 | 56.67% | 3,672,579 | 91.27% | 5,414,536 | 92.72% | 8,020,372 | 94.23% | 11,400,096 | 94.65% | 13,980,953 | 94.88% |
Hinduism 
|
422,284 | 42.32% | 316,612 | 7.87% | 379,397 | 6.50% | 441,213 | 5.18% | 566,368 | 4.70% | 672,269 | 4.56% |
Christianity 
|
7,073 | 0.71% | 26,063 | 0.65% | 36,354 | 0.62% | 41,395 | 0.49% | 62,064 | 0.52% | 63,402 | 0.43% |
| Others [b] | 2,997 | 0.30% | 8,584 | 0.21% | 9,355 | 0.16% | 8,248 | 0.10% | 15,449 | 0.13% | 18,073 | 0.13% |
| Total Population | 997,906 | 100% | 4,023,838 | 100% | 5,839,642 | 100% | 8,511,228 | 100% | 12,043,977 | 100% | 14,734,701 | 100% |
In 2011, Islam was the largest religion in the Dhaka district with 94.65% of the population. Hinduism was the second-largest religion with 4.70% of the population. 0.52% of the population were Christians, while Buddhists were only 0.11% of the population. Although all communities are predominantly urban, a greater percentage of Hindus live in rural areas than in other communities. The district of Dhaka has more than 12 000 mosques, 3012 Hindu mandirs, 530 churches, 174 Buddhist temples, three pagodas and a synagogue. For a long time, Islam has been the majority religion in Dhaka, with only 1300 mosques, but more mosques were recently built, and the district is now called the City of Mosques.[16]
Economy
edit
Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh.[17] The city has a large middle class population, increasing the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[7][18][19] Many skilled workers are employed in the businesses and industries located in the Dhaka metropolitan area. The city has historically attracted many migrant workers.[20] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaws transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population[20][21] – rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000.[19] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%. According to CityMayors Statistics, Dhaka's GDP registered at $52 billion in 2005 with an annual growth rate of 6.1%.[22] Its estimated GDP in the year 2020 is $126 billion. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $550, although a large segment of the population lives below the poverty line, with many surviving on less than $3 a day.[19]
The main business districts of the city include Motijheel, Panthapath and Gulshan. Bashundhara City is a recently developed economic area that houses many high-tech industries and corporations and a shopping mall that is one of the largest in Southeast Asia, frequented daily by more than 25,000 people.[19] The Export Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, textiles and other goods. The EPZ is home to 80 factories, which employ mostly women.[23] The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, as are most of the large companies and banks of Bangladesh, including the Bangladesh Bank, HSBC, Citibank and the Grameen Bank. Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom, causing new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers to change the city landscape.[19] Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy.[19][20]
Places of interest
editThe historic city of Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and lies on the banks of the Buriganga River in the central area of Bangladesh. The old town of Dhaka, south of the city centre, is the site of most of the tourist attractions, including the Lalbagh Fort, the Stat Mosque, and the Ahsan Manzil Palace Museum.
Dhaka was predominantly a city of the Mughals, whose governors and viceroys built several palace, mosques and katrias. One example of this time is the Aurangabad Fort, commonly known as Lalbagh Fort. Also in this area of Dhaka is the Ahsan Manzil Plance Museum, the Bara Katra, the Cotta Katra and several mosques of note.
The old European quarter lies just north of Dhaka's old town, which houses the presidential place and the National Museum, Dhaka's commercial and diplomatic regions are northeast of this zone. Dhaka Zoo and the Botanical Gardens are a short taxi ride into the suburbs.
Once famed for its Muslin, Dhaka is now renowned for pink pearls and a rich tradition of handicrafts.
The Botanical garden is a park at Mirpur in Dhaka. It contains various species of plants. It is also a major tourist spot.
Lalbagh Fort
editBuilt in 1678 by the Viceroy of Bengal, it contains a three-domed mosque, the tomb of Pari Bibi, the reputed daughter of Nawab Shaista Khan, the Audience Hall and the hammam of the Governor. Four Kilometres from the hotel.
Ahsan Manzil Palace Museum
editA majestic place, it was once home to the Nawab of Dhaka, and houses 23 galleries displaying portraits, furniture and household articles.
Jatiyo Smriti Soudho
edit
Jatiyo Smriti Soudho or National Martyrs' Memorial is a monument in Bangladesh. It is the symbol of the valour and the sacrifice of the martyrs of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, which brought the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistani rule. The monument is located in Savar, about 35 Kilometres north-west of the capital, Dhaka.
Tara Mosque
editA 200-year-old mosque with five domes, with hundreds of twinkling stars on its surface.
Satmasjid
editThis mosque in the Mohammadpur area of Dhaka is known for its seven domes.
National Museum
editIn the old European quarter of Dhaka, the museum contains many interesting collections, including sculptures and paintings of the Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim periods. One kilometre from the hotel.
Bara Katra
editBara Katra was built between 1644 and 1646 CE to be the official residence of Mughal prince Shah Shuja, the second son of the emperor Shah Jahan. The prince endowed it to his diwan and the builder of the serai, Abul Qasim.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ 1941 census figures are for Dhaka City, Tezgaon, Keraniganj, Nawabganj, Dohar, Dhamrai, Sabhar thanas of Dhaka district, which roughly corresponds to the present district.
- ^ Including Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated
References
edit
- ^ a b "List of Deputy Commissioners". Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ zpdhaka.org
- ^ a b c Population and Housing Census 2022 National Report (PDF). Vol. 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. November 2023.
- ^ "TelluBase—Dhaka Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/BGD/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0
- ^ a b Molla, Md Tuhin (2012). "Dhaka District". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d AM Chowdhury (2012). "Dhaka". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ a b Richards, John (2002). "Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities". Inroads. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ Harun-or-Rashid (2012). "Rahman, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ Blood, Archer, "Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex" (PDF). Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2007. (131 KiB), Department of State, United States
- ^ Md Ilias Uddin (2012). "Dhamrai Upazila". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "AL men appointed administrators". The Daily Star. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ "Community Report: Dhaka Zila, June 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Population and Housing Census 2022 - District Report: Dhaka (PDF). District Series. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. June 2024. ISBN 978-984-475-286-3.
- ^ "Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Mughal mosques of Dhaka". Daily Sun. September 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ "Dhaka". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
- ^ Lawson, Alistair (1 June 2002). "Good times for bourgeois Bangladeshis" (PHP). BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f Buerk, Roland (2 November 2004). "Shoppers flock to Dhaka mega-mall" (PHP). BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
- ^ a b c McGee, Terry (27 September 2006). "Urbanization Takes on New Dimensions in Asia's Population Giants". Archived from the original (PHP) on 3 December 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ "Does Dhaka need rickshaws?". BBC News. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ "City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". citymayors.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
- ^ "Dhaka clothes factories to reopen". BBC News. 6 June 2006. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2006.