The Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022[1][2] (c. 11) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that repealed the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and reinstated the prior constitutional situation, by reviving the power of the monarch to dissolve and summon parliament. As the monarch exercises this power at the request of the prime minister, this restored the power of the prime minister to have a general election called at a time chosen by the prime minister.[3][4]
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act to make provision about the dissolution and calling of Parliament, including provision for the repeal of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011; and for connected purposes. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 2022 c. 11 |
| Introduced by | Michael Gove, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Commons) Lord True, Minister of State for the Cabinet Office (Lords) |
| Territorial extent |
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| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 24 March 2022 |
| Commencement | 24 March 2022 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amends | |
| Repeals/revokes | |
| Amended by | Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023 |
Status: Current legislation | |
| History of passage through Parliament | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Text of the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. | |
It was originally drafted as the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill.[5] Announced formally in the 2021 State Opening of Parliament,[6] it received its first reading on 12 May 2021 and received Royal Assent on 24 March 2022.[7][8] It was introduced by Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Michael Gove.
The act fulfilled the government's manifesto promise to repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.[9] In response to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruling that the 2019 prorogation was unlawful, the act contains an ouster clause which seeks to ensure the non-justiciability of the revived prerogative powers.[5] This could prevent the courts from making rulings in relation to the sovereign's power to dissolve Parliament.[10]
Background
editShortly after becoming prime minister in July 2019, Boris Johnson held three votes in the House of Commons to try to gain its approval to call a general election, but failed to achieve the two-thirds parliamentary majority required by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.[11] A general election was called by passing a separate Act, the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019. Ahead of this 2019 general election, the Conservative Party manifesto included a commitment to repeal the FTPA, saying "We will get rid of the Fixed Term Parliaments Act – it has led to paralysis at a time the country needed decisive action",[12] and the Labour Party manifesto also pledged to repeal the Act, saying "A Labour government will repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which has stifled democracy and propped up weak governments".[13][14]
An earlier private member's bill titled the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill was introduced by Lord Mancroft in the House of Lords in February 2020, but did not proceed beyond first reading.[15]
Provisions
editThe act repeals the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (section 1) and revives the powers relating to the dissolution and calling of Parliaments derived from the royal prerogative "as if the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 had never been enacted" (section 2), in effect restoring the constitutional situation prior to 2011. Section 3, an ouster clause, removes questions over the exercise of these powers, over any decision relating to them, and over their limits and extent from the jurisdiction of courts and tribunals. Finally, the act provides for Parliament's automatic dissolution once five years have elapsed from its first meeting after an election (section 4).[16]
Legislative history
editJoint Committee on the Fixed-term Parliaments Act
editThe original draft of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill was published on 1 December 2020 for consideration by the parliamentary Joint Committee on the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.[9] In evidence submitted to the joint committee from December 2020 to January 2021, legal experts highlighted a number of contentious points in the legal implications of the Bill. One of these was whether the power of dissolution created by the bill would in fact be derived from the royal prerogative, or whether it would be a statutory power. The Sydney constitutional law professor Anne Twomey argued that the bill could not revive the royal prerogative by definition, since a prerogative is a non-statutory executive power and common law is created by courts and not legislatures. Cambridge public law professor Alison Young stated that the matter was unclear. In contrast, the former Supreme Court judges Baroness Hale and Lord Sumption, as well as a former First Parliamentary Counsel, Sir Stephen Laws, said that the prerogative could be restored by Parliament.[17]
Secondly, some specialists questioned the validity of the bill's ouster clause. Lord Lisvane and Malcolm Jack, both former Clerks of the House of Commons, as well as Alison Young, argued that the clause may fail in practice, with Lord Lisvane describing its wording as "a probably doomed attempt to sidestep the Anisminic principle".[17][18] Lord Sumption argued that though a "sufficiently desperate" court could likely find a way to circumvent the ouster clause, its presence in the bill should serve to discourage such attempts.[17]
The joint committee published its report on the bill on 24 March 2021. The majority of the committee held that the ouster clause was acceptable given that "Parliament should be able to designate certain matters as ones which are to be resolved in the political rather than the judicial sphere", and could not be considered an overreach of executive authority since "the power in question is to enable the electorate to determine who should hold power". On the issue of the prerogative, the committee held that the wording of the bill was sufficient to restore the substance, if not necessarily the form, of the constitutional situation prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act. The committee also recommended that the draft be retitled the Dissolution and Summoning of Parliament Bill, considering that the bill would be a fundamental constitutional statute and would do more than simply repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act.[19]
The committee also considered whether the monarch ought to have the power to refuse a request from the prime minister to dissolve Parliament.[20] In its statement of principles accompanying the draft bill, the government had stated that "in future Parliament will be dissolved by the Sovereign, on the advice of the Prime Minister".[5] In the system preceding the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, however, dissolution was requested, not advised, by the prime minister, meaning that the monarch reserved the right to decline the request. The committee called on the government to "make it clear that the power to grant or refuse a dissolution returns to the Monarch, who in exceptional cases, may refuse the request".[20]
Passage through Parliament
editThe Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill was introduced by Michael Gove, the minister for the Cabinet Office, to the House of Commons and received its first reading on 12 May 2021.[7][21]
On 9 February 2022, the House of Lords voted to amend the bill to require a Commons vote before dissolution could happen by 200 votes to 160. The House of Commons voted to reject the amendment on 14 March by 292 votes to 217. On 22 March, the peers accepted the Commons' reason without a vote to dismiss the amendment. The bill received royal assent on 24 March.[8][21][22]
Notes
edit- ^ Already spent, upon the holding of that election.
References
edit- ^ "Queen's Speech 2021". gov.uk. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ Merrick, Rob (11 May 2021). "Boris Johnson grabs back power to call snap general election by scrapping fixed five-year terms". The Independent. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ "Boris Johnson pushes for power to call election at any time". BBC News. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
The government has set in motion its plan for prime ministers to regain the power to call general elections whenever they like.
- ^ "MPs quiz Minister on new reforms to calling general elections". UK Parliament. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
The new Bill looks to restore the power of the Prime Minister to call elections when they choose.
- ^ a b c "Draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "Johnson to restore power to choose general election date". Shropshire Star. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Tried and tested system for calling elections restored". GOV.UK (Press release). 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Government to fulfil manifesto commitment and scrap Fixed-term Parliaments Act". gov.uk. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "What does the new Dissolution Bill do?". BBC News. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ "Boris Johnson fails in third attempt to call early general election". The Guardian. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
Boris Johnson has lost his third bid for a general election, after Labour abstained and he failed to reach the two-thirds majority of MPs he needed for a poll. The result was 299 votes for and 70 against.
- ^ "Get Brexit Done: the Conservative and Unionist Party Manifesto 2019" (PDF). Conservative and Unionist Party. p. 48. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^ "It's Time For Real Change: The Labour Party Manifesto 2019" (PDF). labour.org.uk. p. 82. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Rentoul, John (29 November 2020). "What is going to happen to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act?". The Independent. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill [HL] 2019–21". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill" (PDF). Parliament of the United Kingdom. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ a b c Walker, Alex (19 February 2021). "The Joint Committee on the Fixed-term Parliaments Act: an update". The Constitution Society. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "Oral evidence: Review of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, HC 1046". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 17 December 2020. p. 11. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "Joint Committee on the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act: Report". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 24 March 2021. pp. 30, 34, 44. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Repealing the Fixed-term Parliaments Act: Major constitutional change needs careful scrutiny, says Joint Committee". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022: Progress through Parliament". House of Commons Library. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ "24 March 2022 Royal Assent Commission and Crown Office notice". Crown Office. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
Further reading
edit- Robert Blackburn (1989). "The summoning and meeting of new Parliaments in the United Kingdom". Legal Studies. 9 (2): 165–176. doi:10.1111/j.1748-121X.1989.tb00392.x. S2CID 144040222.