Wikipedia

Southeast African cheetah

(Redirected from East-Southern African cheetah)

The Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) is the nominate cheetah subspecies native to East and Southern Africa.[1] The Southern African cheetah lives mainly in the lowland areas and deserts of the Kalahari, the savannahs of Okavango Delta, and the grasslands of the Transvaal region in South Africa. In Namibia, cheetahs are mostly found in farmlands.[2] In India, four cheetahs of the subspecies are living in Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh after having been introduced there.[3]

Southeast African cheetah
A cheetah at the Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park, South Africa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Acinonyx
Species:
A. jubatus
Subspecies:
A. j. jubatus[1]
Trinomial name
Acinonyx jubatus jubatus[1]
(Schreber, 1775)
A. j. jubatus range (blue)
Synonyms

A. j. guttata (Hermann, 1804)
A. j. fearsoni (Smith, 1834)
A. j. fearonis (Fitzinger, 1869)
A. j. lanea (Sclater, 1877)
A. j. obergi (Hilzheimer, 1913)
A. j. ngorongorensis (Hilzheimer, 1913)
A. j. raineyi (Heller, 1913)
A. j. velox (Heller, 1913)
A. j. rex (Pocock, 1927)

Taxonomy

edit
 
An illustration of a cheetah cub (Acinonyx jubatus guttata) by Joseph Wolf in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867

The Southern African cheetah was first described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in his book Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (The Mammals illustrated as in Nature with Descriptions), published in 1775. Schreber described the species on basis of a specimen from the Cape of Good Hope.[4] It is therefore the nominate subspecies.[5] Subpopulations have been called "South African cheetah" and "Namibian cheetah."[6]

Following Schreber's description, other naturalists and zoologists also described cheetah specimens from many parts of Southern and East Africa that today are all considered synonyms of A. j. jubatus:[5]

In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World grouped A. j. guttata, A. j. lanea, A. j. obergi, and A. j. rex under A j. jubatus, whilst recognizing A. j. raineyi and A. j. velox as valid taxa and considering P. l. ngorongorensis as synonymous with raineyi.[5]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed all cheetah populations from most parts of Eastern and Southern Africa to A. j. jubatus, thus making it the most widespread subspecies in the continent.[1]

Evolutionary history

edit

From the early Pleistocene, the earliest African cheetah fossils have been found in the lower beds of the Olduvai Gorge site in northern Tanzania, although cheetah fossils in Southern Africa were found to be 3.5 to 3.0 million years old. The Southeast African cheetah is the second-oldest subspecies.[11]

Cheetahs from Africa and Asia were previously considered as genetically identical with each other.[12] DNA research and analysis started in the early 1990s and showed that the Southern and East African cheetahs are indeed separate subspecies.[13]

Until September 2009, the Asiatic cheetah was thought to be identical to African cheetahs. Stephen J. O'Brien from the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity of the National Cancer Institute was of the opinion that they have been separated from each other for only 5,000 years, which is not enough time to be classified as distinct subspecies.[14][15]

In early 2011, results of phylogeographic analysis of 94 cheetah samples from museum collections, wild and captive specimens, revealed that Southeast African and Asiatic cheetahs are genetically distinct, and probably diverged between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago. The mitochondrial DNA data indicate that the cheetah samples from East Africa had no common haplotype with samples from Southern Africa, although one haplotype present in cheetah samples from Tanzania and Kenya clustered with samples from South Africa. The population in East Africa might have derived from a relatively recent recolonization event. The divergence between the cheetah populations in Southern, East and Northern Africa occurred between 6,700 and 32,400 years ago.[16]

Genetics

edit
 
An illustration of the woolly cheetah by Joseph Smit in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1877
 
A captive king cheetah

Historically, cheetahs were thought to be genetically homogeneous.[17] In 2011, results of a phylogeographic study revealed that the Asiatic cheetah and cheetah populations in Africa are genetically distinct and separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.[16]

The woolly cheetah was discovered in the late 19th century by English zoologist Philip Sclater. It was considered as a separate species of cheetah that had a thicker body, and longer and denser fur. Several specimens were obtained. These creatures may be the same species as the present-day cheetah, but with a genetic disposition to long fur. In 1877, Sclater, of the Zoological Society of London, wrote of a recent acquisition by the zoo. In 1878, a second woolly cheetah was reported as a preserved specimen in the South African Museum. Both the London and South African specimens had come from Beaufort West. In 1884, a third skin was obtained from the same area, though this had more distinct spots and was a little smaller. By the late 1880s, the trophy hunters had eliminated the woolly cheetahs; from the number and locality of specimens, this variant seems to have evolved very recently (generations rather than millennia); perhaps all those animals (it seems only a handful are known at best) were the offspring of a single couple born around 1875, or maybe one more generation. The woolly cheetah has, in any case, vanished.[18]

The king cheetah was considered a different species in 1927 by naturalist Reginald Innes Pocock. It was found to be a mutation caused by a recessive gene.[19] The king cheetah is a rare variant of the Southern cheetah, first discovered in southern Rhodesia in 1925. A king cheetah was first found in South Africa in 1940 and in Botswana in 1942. However, in 1981, king cheetahs were shown to have never been a different species, as king cheetahs were born from regular parents at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre in South Africa, and another king cheetah were born from two female cheetahs having mated with a wild-caught male cheetah from the Transvaal Province, and more king cheetahs were born later at the De Wildt Cheetah Centre.[20] The king cheetahs are found in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. In 2012, the cause of this alternative coat pattern was found to be a mutation in the gene for transmembrane aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep), the same gene responsible for the striped "mackerel" versus blotched "classic" patterning seen in tabby cats.[21]

The cheetah also has melanism as one of its rare color morphs. A melanistic cheetah in Zambia was seen by Vesey Fitzgerald in the company of a spotted cheetah.

Physical characteristics

edit
 
A regular cheetah at Kruger National Park, South Africa
 
Teeth and tongue of cheetah

The cheetah is a medium-sized cat. An adult male cheetah's total size can measure from 168 to 213 cm (66 to 84 in) and 162 to 200 cm (64 to 79 in) for females. Adult cheetahs are 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in) tall at the shoulder. Males are slightly taller than females and have slightly bigger heads with wider incisors and longer mandibles.[11]

Measurements taken of wild cheetahs in Namibia indicate that the females range in head-and-body length from 113 to 140 cm (44 to 55 in) with 59.5 to 73.0 cm (23.4 to 28.7 in) long tails, and weigh between 21.0 and 63.0 kg (46.3 and 138.9 lb); males range in head-and-body length from 113 to 136 cm (44 to 54 in) with 60 to 84 cm (24 to 33 in) long tails, and weigh between 28.5 and 65.0 kg (62.8 and 143.3 lb).[22]

The cheetah has a bright yellow or sometimes a golden coat, and its fur is slightly thicker than that of other subspecies. The white underside is very distinct, especially on the neck and breast, and it has less spotting on its belly. The spots on the face are more pronounced, and as a whole its spots seem more dense than those of most other subspecies. The tear marks are notably thicker at the corners of the mouth, and almost all of them have distinct brown mustache markings. Like the Asiatic cheetah, it is known to have fur behind its tail and have both white and black tips at the end of its tail. However, the cheetah may also have only a black tip at the end of its tail.

In desert areas, such as the Kalahari, cheetahs are somewhat smaller and lighter in weight, with thinner, bright-colored fur, a trait the Northwest African cheetah also has.

Distribution and habitat

edit
 
The Southeast African cheetah was one of the most widespread animals. These two cheetahs were photographed at southwestern South Africa between 1906 and 1918.

The Southeast African cheetah usually lives on grasslands, savannahs, scrub forests, and arid environments such as deserts and semidesert steppes. These cheetahs can be found in open fields, where they chase and hunt herbivorous mammals such as antelopes at a very high speed. In South Africa, the cheetah also prefers woodlands (in Kruger National Park), shrublands, high mountains, mountainous grasslands, and montane areas where favorable prey are mostly available.

The Southeast African cheetah is currently the most common subspecies and was widespread everywhere in southern to central Africa, ranging from South Africa to the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga Province) and southern Tanzania. Its range is now greatly reduced, where it occurs in an area of 1,223,388 km2 (472,353 sq mi), 22% of its original range.[citation needed]

In the past, less than 10,000 cheetahs were hunted in Namibian farmlands. Previously estimated at mere 2,000 individuals since the 1990s, as of 2015, over 3,500 cheetahs live in Namibia today. The country maintains the largest population of wild cheetahs worldwide. About 90–95% of the cheetahs live on Namibian farmlands; others live in the Kalahari Basin, the coastal deserts of Namib and Kaokoveld, and the central to northeastern region of the country. Although Namibian cheetahs are mostly found outside of protected areas, they also live in Naankuse Wildlife Sanctuary, Namib-Naukluft National Park, and Bwabwata National Park. The cheetahs are rather uncommon in Etosha National Park and in Palmwag.

With an approximate population of 2,000 cheetahs as of 2016, Botswana has the second-largest population of cheetahs.[23][24] They are mostly found in arid habitats of the Central Kalahari, Mokolodi Nature Reserve, and Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (known as Gemsbok National Park in Botswana) in the south, and in the southwest and also in the northern region of the country that holds the largest prey base, such as in Okavango Delta, Chobe National Park, and Moremi Game Reserve. Khutse Game Reserve is also known to contain high abundance of suitable prey base for cheetahs, such as springboks, gemsboks, and wildebeests. Cheetahs are rarely found in the eastern Botswana and at the Zimbabwean border.

In South Africa, cheetahs live in the Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, and Northern Cape Provinces. After conservation efforts throughout the years, cheetahs have been reintroduced in the eastern, western, and southern parts, and recently in the Free State province of the country. Over 90% of the cheetah population is found outside protected areas such as game reserves and in farmlands.[25] More than 412 cheetahs are in Kruger National Park, subpopulations of 300 to 350 in parks and reserves, and 400 to 500 free-roaming on farmlands in the Limpopo and North West Province, although the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is the stronghold for cheetahs. Kruger and Kalahari Gemsbok National Parks hold the largest populations; they are home to roughly 42% of South Africa's cheetahs.[26] Cheetahs had not always been common in South Africa.[27] As of now, the country contains the third-largest population of cheetahs after years of conservation actions and reintroductions into the wild. In 2016, it is estimated about 1,500 adult cheetahs live in the wild.

The population of cheetahs has been dramatically decreased in Zimbabwe, from about a thousand to 400, as of 2007. Currently, the Zimbabwean population is estimated at 165 individuals.[28] Prior the population decline, cheetahs were more widespread in Zimbabwe, and its population had excellent growth rate, in which over 1,500 individuals thrived. Back in 1973, an estimated 400 cheetahs lived in Zimbabwe and had increased to 470 in 1987. Afterwards in 1991, a total population of 1,391 cheetahs was found by the Zimbabwe Department of Parks and Wildlife Management, whilst in 1996, a population of 728 cheetahs lived on commercial farmlands alone. In 1999, a minimum total population of 1,520 was estimated, in which over 1,200 of these cheetahs lived on commercial farmlands, while 320 were found in national parks. A year later, several reports questioned whether the Zimbabwean cheetahs were stable or decreasing, but it was increasing at the time. However, cheetahs are known to be highly threatened in farmlands in which between 1999 and 2007, 80% of the population of Zimbabwean cheetahs living in private farmlands fell into massive decline due to human-cheetah conflict, reduced from over a thousand to less than 400 as of 2007. About 100 cheetahs were killed by livestock farmers in Zimbabwe's lowveld per year.[29][30] Following years later, about 150 to 170 adult cheetahs are found there, and the human-cheetah conflict is no longer a major threat to the species. Most of the Zimbabwean cheetahs live in protected areas today.[31] Cheetahs are mainly found in the southern to central regions. Isolated populations are found in northwestern Zimbabwe, such as Victoria Falls, Matetsi, and Kazuma Pan, also near the Mozambican border. Hwange National Park, the largest reserve with an area of 14,650 km2 (5,660 sq mi), is the main stronghold for the Zimbabwean cheetahs.[27][32] Cheetahs also live in Matobo National Park. The cheetahs of the Zambezi Valley are nearly extinct, as only three individuals remain in Matusadona National Park and 9 in the Mana Pools National Park. Twenty-nine remain in the Zimbabwean lowveld, most of which live in Gonarezhou National Park, private reserves (Bubye, Save, Malilangwe, Nuanetsi), and at the Chilojo Cliffs.[33]

In Zambia, cheetahs are mostly spotted at Matamene Camp of Liuwa Plain National Park from the Western Province. The national park is part of the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. They are also present at the 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi) Kafue National Park, near the Kafue River and at the 22,400 km2 (8,600 sq mi) Sioma Ngwezi National Park (the second-largest park in Africa) in the southwest corner of Zambia. About 100 cheetahs live in the country.

In 2007, between 50 and 90 cheetahs were estimated to survive in Mozambique, where the species inhabits grasslands, savannahs, and mixed Acacia and mopane woodlands. Most habitats consist of wetlands and rivers. Historically, it was widespread in the country, but by 1975, the population had declined to about 200 individuals due to intense poaching during the Mozambican Civil War.[34] Camera traps set up in 2004 and 2011 revealed constant presence of cheetahs, other predators and herbivores in Mozambique's conservation areas in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Around 35 cheetahs live in Limpopo National Park.[35] Cheetahs are also present in Zinave National Park and Banhine National Park, which are part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park.[36]

Apart from the central and northern regions, the now-rare cheetah lived in southern Tanzania. It ranged close to the Zambia/Malawi borders in the southwest to the southeasternmost part of the country. These cheetahs are found at Mpanga-Kipengere Game Reserve and the Uwanda Game Reserve. Whether or not they are extinct in Selous Game Reserve is unknown.

The indigenous population of cheetahs was extinct in Eswatini. In 1997, three cheetahs have been reintroduced into the Hlane Royal National Park, the largest (30,000 ha (300 km2)) protected area of Eswatini.[2]

The cheetah was once thought to be extinct in Angola, but in 2010 two adult male cheetahs were spotted in the 16,000 km2 (6,200 sq mi) Iona National Park. It was the first time cheetahs have been sighted in the wild of Angola in 30 years. This protected area provides suitable habitat for the cheetah, as it has a large, open savannah where springbok and oryx occur.[37]

In the 1980s, cheetahs occurred in three protected areas, namely Kasungu National Park, Nyika National Park and Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve, also at the Zambian border in the west. In 2007, the small cheetah population was considered locally extinct due to loss of suitable habitat and lack of prey.[2][38]

Former range

edit

In early 20th century, African cheetahs were widespread everywhere in the continent, until they lost most of their ranges and disappeared from 23 countries. Cheetahs are locally extinct from Lesotho[2] and the southern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They used to live in the Katanga, southern Bandundu, southern Kasai-Occidental, and Bas-Congo. They probably extended to Kinshasa. It was previously estimated that about 100 to 500 cheetahs lived in the Congo between 1950-70s. Kundelungu National Park was one of the remaining stronghold for the cheetahs after recent extinction of cheetahs from Virunga National Park and Sudan cheetahs from Garamba National Park during the 1960s. Rumored sightings have been reported occasionally in the southern regions of the Congo, such as near the Angolan border, around the Sandoa Territory and on the Kibara Plateau of Upemba National Park.[27] To this day, Upemba is still considered as the only national park of the country to contain cheetah populations.[39]

Ecology and behavior

edit
 
Three males at Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa
 
A cheetah cub

Reproduction and lifecycle

edit

Male cheetahs are sociable and may live in a group with other male siblings. Males establish their territories by marking their territories by urinating on trees or termite mounds.

The females, though, are not sociable and do not establish a territory. They are solitary and avoid each other. However, they may live with their mothers, daughters, or sisters on their home ranges. The female's home range's size can depend on the prey base. Cheetahs in southern African woodlands have ranges as small as 34 km2 (13 sq mi), while in some parts of Namibia, they can reach 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi).

Female cheetahs can reproduce at 13 to 16 months of age and with a typical age of sexual maturity between 20 and 23 months.[40] The gestation can last for 90 to 95 days. Cub births mostly occur at November to January in Namibia and November to March in Zambia.[11] Females hunt solo, except the cheetah cubs accompany their mothers to learn how to hunt on their own after the age of 5–6 weeks. After the cubs reach 18 months of age, the mother leaves her cubs, and the siblings remain as a group for a few months until the sisters leave the group and the brothers stay together. The male cubs may form alliances with other males after separating from their mother.[41]

Hunting and diet

edit
 
A cheetah suffocating an impala in Timbavati, South Africa

The cheetah is a carnivorous mammal. It preys on medium-sized and large antelopes, and fast, small animals including Cape hares and rodents. It prefers Thomson's gazelle, impala, kudu, puku, oribi, springbok, gemsbok, steenbok, wildebeest, warthog, red hartebeest, nyala and other ungulates.[42]

Enemies and competitors

edit

Like other cheetahs, they are threatened and outranked by larger predators in their area. They are threatened by lions, leopards, painted dogs,and hyenas as they can steal their carcasses and kill them if given the chance. The cheetahs surrender their meals to spotted hyenas. However, coalitions of male adult cheetahs can chase predators away, and a single cheetah can chase jackals and lone wild dogs away.[43]

Threats

edit

The Southern cheetah is a vulnerable subspecies, due to poaching, habitat loss, and lack of prey. Indiscriminate capture and removal of wild cheetahs in southern Africa continue to threaten the survival of this species, as it may reduce the genetic diversity in the wild and they breed poorly in captivity. Its survival is also threatened by inbreeding. In Botswana, the cheetahs are mostly threatened by habitat changes.

The cheetah was also highly threatened by hunting and range loss. In early 1930s, the cheetahs were hunted down and almost went extinct in South Africa. Therefore, it has lost most of its range, mostly in South Africa and Mozambique. Only a few dozen of them live in the southern part of Mozambique. It also disappeared from many regions of South Africa, only living in the northern and northeastern parts of the country.

During the 1970s, 9,500 cheetahs were killed in Namibian farmlands. As a protected species in Namibia, people are allowed to remove Namibian cheetahs only if they pose a threat to livestock or human life. Unfortunately, farmers might capture Namibian cheetahs, often removing or killing those that have not taken any livestock. About 90% of the Namibian cheetah population live on farmlands.

In Botswana, the cheetah is protected under the Conserved Animal legislation since 1968, which strictly limits hunting and capture. Before then, the decline of suitable prey caused the cheetahs to feed on livestock. About 50 cheetah were previously hunted down by tribesmen each year to protect livestock.

Limited international trade in live animals and skins is permitted from Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana.[40]

Conservation status

edit
 
Cheetahs of the Cheetah Conservation Fund, Namibia
Cheetah populations
Country Estimate
  Angola 15-30 [44]
  Botswana 1,700-2,000 [45]
  Malawi 25-30
  Mozambique 50 - 90
  Namibia 3,500
  South Africa 1,166-1,742 [46]
  Eswatini >1 [47]
  Tanzania 1,500-2,000 [48]
  Kenya 1,200-1,300 [49]
  Zambia 100
  Zimbabwe 165
Total 9,421- 10,957

Previously estimated at a population of 4,190 individuals in Southern Africa since 2007,[2] the total population of the Southern cheetah has likely reached over 6,000 individuals,[50][51] with Namibia having the largest cheetah population worldwide. Since 1990, the population was estimated to be about 2,500 individuals in Namibia; until 2015, the cheetah population has increased to more than 3,500 in the country.[52] Botswana contains the second-largest population of cheetahs – in 2007, an estimated population of 1,800. However, in 2016, about 2,000 cheetahs were in Botswana, which is about 20% of the world's cheetahs.[24] Around 550 to 850 cheetahs were left in South Africa in 2007. After many conservation efforts, the cheetah population has boosted to more than 1,000. In 2013, the estimated population was between 1,200 and 1,300 cheetahs in South Africa.[53][54] Whilst an estimated that 1,500 adult cheetahs live in South Africa since 2016,[55] the Endangered Wildlife Trust stated that the total population ranges between 1,166 and 1,742 cheetahs in South Africa alone in 2017.[56] In Zimbabwe, on the contrary, the cheetahs' population has severely declined, from more than 1,500 cheetahs since 1999 to 400 cheetahs in 2007, to between 150 and 170 cheetahs as of 2015. In 2007, around 100 individuals remained in Zambia and between 50 and 90 were left in Mozambique.[2]

Several conservation projects for the cheetah species exist in African countries and Iran. Like the Asiatic cheetah, the Southern cheetah got more attention from people than other subspecies.

Three cheetah subspecies are included on the IUCN list of vulnerable species (three African subspecies threatened, Northwest African and Asiatic subspecies in critical condition), as well as on the US Endangered Species Act: threatened species - Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).

Founded in Namibia in 1990, the Cheetah Conservation Fund's mission is to be the world's resource charged with protecting the cheetah and to ensure its future. The organization works with all stakeholders within the cheetah's ecosystem to develop best practices in research, education, and ecology, and create a sustainable model from which all other species, including people, will benefit. Around 12,400 cheetahs were estimated to remain in the wild in 25 African countries. Recently, 6,674 mature individuals were found by the IUCN; Namibia has the most, with more than 3,500, of which 90% of them are living outside of protected areas. Breeding programs have been successful, including the use of in vitro fertilization, in zoos around the world.

The cheetahs are known to be poor breeders in captivity, though several organizations, such as the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre, have succeeded in breeding high numbers of cheetah cubs. In 2009, the centre has bred more than 800 cubs.[57]

Reintroduction projects

edit

In Africa

edit
 
An orphan cheetah set to be reintroduced to Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe

South Africa

edit

The cheetah once occurred in several areas of Southern Africa, but not commonly in South Africa.

The species lives mostly on the eastern and northern locations of South Africa. Since the 1960s, the cheetah had been imported from Namibia, which used to contain healthy populations of cheetahs at the time, and has been reintroduced to their former ranges and in small reserves. About 29% of the cheetah population was indigenously from South Africa whilst 71% was those imported from Namibia.[58] The first known reintroductions were in KwaZulu Natal, Gauteng, Lowveld, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and Southern Kalahari. There are currently 1,500 mature cheetahs within the country.[55]

In December 2003, after the cheetahs were heavily hunted in the Great Karoo and Eastern Cape areas to extinction 125 years ago, cheetahs have returned to the Karoo, starting with a severely injured female wild-born cheetah named Sibella (circa 2001 – 11 September 2015)[59] that went through surgery at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust and was later reintroduced to Samara Private Game Reserve. The reintroduction process was a success. Sibella was a capable hunter and successfully raised 18 cubs. About 2% of the wild population of cheetahs in South Africa occurs in that region. The cheetahs living in Samara are also in better condition, threats from apex predators such as lions and hyenas no longer exist.[60] Sibella's youngest daughter Chilli has given birth to the first third-generation cheetah cubs of the Samara Private Game Reserve in January 2017.[61]

A National Cheetah Metapopulation Project was launched in 2011 by the Endangered Wildlife Trust.[62] Its purpose is to develop and co-ordinate a national metapopulation management plan for cheetahs in smaller fenced reserves in South Africa. For instance, the cheetahs have been reintroduced in around 50 of these South African reserves. Fragmented subpopulations of cheetahs are currently increasing in a few hundreds.[63] As of July 2014, further plans exist to reintroduce the cheetahs in six more small fenced reserves over the next few years.

For the first time after 100 years of extinction since the colonial period, the cheetah has recently been reintroduced into the Free State in 2013,[64] with two male wild cheetahs that have been relocated from the Eastern Cape's Amakhala Game Reserve to the Free State's Laohu Valley Reserve, where the critically endangered South China tiger from Save China's Tigers (SCT) are part of a rewilding project in South Africa. A female cheetah has yet to be reintroduced to Laohu Valley.[65] In early 2016, an adult female has been reintroduced to the reserve. Three wild cheetah cubs have been born for the first time in Laohu Valley Reserve in February 2017, making them the first cheetahs born in the wild since their disappearance from the Free State province in over a century. With three mature individuals and three cubs, six cheetahs are in Laohu Valley Reserve.[66]

In 2016, a reintroduction and rewilding project known as Rewilding iSimangaliso for cheetahs is going on in iSimangaliso situated in KwaZulu-Natal province, including lions and Cape wild dogs, which were first introduced in late 2013.[67][68] The 15 collared resident cheetahs in uMkhuze Game Reserve are seen by visitors during game drives.[55]

Malawi

edit

In May 2017, two male and two female cheetahs were imported from South Africa and reintroduced to Liwonde National Park.[69][70]

Zambia

edit

Since 1989, only a few cheetahs had been recorded at the Lower Zambezi National Park, despite the area being apparently suitable habitat for cheetahs. Chiawa Camp, in association with National Parks and Wildlife and Japan Aid, approached the Cheetah Conservation Fund for a study group to assess the suitability of Lower Zambezi. In October 1994, reintroduction attempts were made with three cheetahs to the Lower Zambezi. However, the reintroduction project had been unsuccessful, as two of them were killed by traps; one survivor remained for three years alone. Further plans exist to reintroduce the cheetah to the Lower Zambezi.[71]

Outside Africa

edit
Main articles: Asiatic cheetah and Cheetah reintroduction in India
 
Two captive cheetahs in Nehru Zoological Park, India. The Asiatic cheetah, which used to inhabit India, is extinct there.[72]

Asiatic cheetahs had existed in India for thousands of years, but as a result of hunting and other disastrous causes, they have disappeared there, with the last known Indian cheetah having been spotted in 1951.[72] The critically endangered species currently lives in Iran, as the country itself is unwilling to give their cheetahs to India. A captive propagation project has been proposed. Minister of Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh told the Rajya Sabha on 7 July 2009, "The cheetah is the only animal that has been described extinct in India in the last 100 years. We have to get them from abroad to repopulate the species." He was responding to a call for attention from Rajiv Pratap Rudy of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). "The plan to bring back the cheetah, which fell to indiscriminate hunting and complex factors like a fragile breeding pattern is audacious given the problems besetting tiger conservation." Two naturalists, Divya Bhanusinh and MK Ranjit Singh, suggested importing cheetahs from Namibia, after which they will be bred in captivity and, in time, released in the wild.[73]

Multiple suitable potential sites from the Indian states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan which consisted of forests, grasslands, savannahs, and deserts were chosen for the cheetah reintroduction project in India, such as Banni Grasslands Reserve, Desert National Park, Kuno National Park and Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary. They are also known to be where the Asiatic cheetahs and other native animals coexisted for several years until they had recently gone extinct from the region. Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary was chosen as the most suitable site for reintroduced Namibian cheetahs.[74][75]

However, the plan to introduce this subspecies to India has been suspended in 2012, after discovering the distinctness between the cheetahs from Asia and Africa, having been separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.[76][77]

In 2020, the Supreme Court of India ruled that African cheetahs, a different subspecies, could be brought into the country at a "carefully chosen location" on an experimental basis.[78]

In 2022, India received eight cheetahs from Namibia last year and they were released in Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh state.[78]

In 2023, South Africa signed an agreement with India to introduce 12 African cheetahs to India each year over the next decade.[78] As of 22 March 2023, four African cheetahs were living in the wild of Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh.[79]

In captivity

edit
 
A cheetah in Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Ohio, United States
 
Cheetahs and other captive animals are able to live in cold climate, as demonstrated by these cheetahs at Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Austria
See also: Sarah (cheetah)

Cheetahs are known to be difficult to breed in captivity because of their social behaviors and breeding problems. The cub mortality in captivity and in the wild is high at about 50%. On average, 30% of all captive-bred cubs born in captivity may die within a month.[40]

The Southern cheetah is the most widespread subspecies breeding in captivity around the world, while Sudanese cheetahs are found only in a few European and Middle Eastern zoos and wildlife centers. The subspecies is found in various zoos worldwide in America, Africa, Eurasia, and Australia.

Several zoos, facilities, breeding centers, and wildlife parks part of the American (Species Survival Plan, Association of Zoos and Aquariums) and Eurasian (European Endangered Species Programme, European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) captive-breeding programs have been successfully increasing populations of cheetahs, such as White Oak Conservation from Yulee, Florida, the Wildlife Safari from Winston, Oregon, that bred more than 178 cheetahs and the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre from South Africa where hundreds of cheetah cubs have been born. The Fota Wildlife Park from Ireland is also known for successfully breeding cheetahs in captivity right before starting a captive-breeding project with the Northeast African cheetah.

edit
edit
  • The book How It Was with Dooms tells the true story of a family raising an orphaned East African cheetah cub named Duma (the Swahili word for cheetah) in Kenya. The films Cheetah (1989) and Duma (2005) were both loosely based on this book. However, Duma takes place in South Africa instead of Kenya. The cheetahs that starred in the film were South African cheetahs from the Kragga Kamma Game Park of the Eastern Cape province. In November 2011, one of the five adult cheetahs that starred in the film had died from an unusual kidney failure.
  • The Toyota Free State Cheetahs, founded in 1895, is a South African rugby union team that participates in the annual Currie Cup tournament. They have a cheetah running at high speed as their emblem.
  • The Cheetahs are another South African rugby union team from Bloemfontein founded in 2005 that have a running cheetah as their emblem.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 30−31.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ "2 More Namibian Cheetahs Released Into Wild At Kuno National Park". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  4. ^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1775). "8. Der Gepard". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Band 3. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 392–393.
  5. ^ a b c Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532−533. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  6. ^ Marker, L.L. (2002). Aspects of Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) Biology, Ecology and Conservation Strategies on Namibian Farmlands. Oxford: University of Oxford.
  7. ^ Sclater, P. L. (1877). Woolly cheetah (Felis lanea). Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London (1884): 476.
  8. ^ Hilzheimer, M. (1913). Über neue Geparden nebst Bemerkungen über die Nomenklatur dieser Tiere. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 283−292.
  9. ^ Heller, E. (1913). "New Races of Carnivores and Baboons from Equatorial Africa and Abyssinia" (PDF). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 61 (19). Washington. hdl:10088/23497.
  10. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1927). "Description of a new species of cheetah (Acinonyx)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 97 (1): 245–252. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1927.tb02258.x.
  11. ^ a b c Krausman, P. R.; Morales, S. M. (2005). "Acinonyx jubatus" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 771: 1–6. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2005)771[0001:aj]2.0.co;2. S2CID 198969000.
  12. ^ O’Brien S. J. 1987. East African Cheetahs: Evidence for Two Population Bottlenecks? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84:508-11.
  13. ^ "Iran's endangered cheetahs are a unique subspecies". BBC - Earth News. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  14. ^ IANS (11 September 2009). "Experts eye African cheetahs for reintroduction, to submit plan". Thaindian News. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  15. ^ "Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ". The Times of India. 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  16. ^ a b Charruau, P.; Fernandes, C.; Orozco-Terwengel, P.; Peters, J.; Hunter, L.; Ziaie, H.; Jourabchian, A.; Jowkar, H.; Schaller, G.; Ostrowski, S. (2011). "Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates". Molecular Ecology. 20 (4): 706–724. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04986.x. PMC 3531615. PMID 21214655.
  17. ^ Harrison, D. L. (1968). "Genus Acinonyx Brookes, 1828" (PDF). The mammals of Arabia: Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea. London: Ernest Benn Limited.
  18. ^ "Woolly cheetah". Biology Online. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  19. ^ "King Cheetah Fur Pattern Mutation". Cheetahspot.com. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
  20. ^ "Mutant Cheetahs". Messy Beasts. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  21. ^ Kaelin et al. 2012.
  22. ^ Sunquist & Sunquist 2002, pp. 19–36.
  23. ^ "Cheetah Conservation Botswana". Cheetah Conservation Botswana. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  24. ^ a b Vera Westbrook (12 October 2016). "Global cheetah conservationist speaks at Wildlife Safari about Cheetah Conservation Botswana". The News-Review. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  25. ^ Human Wildlife Conflict, Cheetah Conservation Fund
  26. ^ "Cheetah Metapopulation Project". CheetahPopulation.org.za. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  27. ^ a b c Norman Myers (1975). The Cheetah Acinonyx Jubatos in Africa. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  28. ^ "Cheetah Population". Cheetah Outreach. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  29. ^ Samual Williams (2007). "Status of the Cheetah in Zimbabwe" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 3): 32. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  30. ^ "Massive decline in cheetah populations in Zimbabwe, survey shows". News24. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  31. ^ "Zimbabwe Cheetah Conservation Project". Wilderness Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  32. ^ Paul Murray (2010). Zimbabwe. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 33–358. ISBN 9781841622958. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  33. ^ "Zimbabwe cheetahs". Cheetah Conservation Project Zimbabwe. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  34. ^ Purchase, G. (2007). "Mozambique: Preliminary Assessment of the Status and Distribution of Cheetah" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 3): 37. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Wildlife diversity in Limpopo National Park". Peace Parks Foundation The Global Solution. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  36. ^ "Refuge? | Daily News". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  37. ^ CCF Staff (2015). "After 30-Year Civil War, Cheetah Presence in Angola Confirmed". Cheetah Conservation Fund. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  38. ^ Purchase, G.; Purchase, D. (2007). "Status of cheetah in Malawi" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 3): 4.
  39. ^ "We need to protect Upemba National Park for Nature & Future Generations". Save Upemba. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  40. ^ a b c "Cheetah Fact Sheet" (PDF). Cheetah.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  41. ^ "Cheetah: Fatal Instinct". nationalgeographic.com.au. National Geographic. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  42. ^ Hayward, M. W (2006). "Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive?". Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 615–627. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x.
  43. ^ Swanson, Alexandra; Caro, Tim; Davies-Mostert, Harriet; Mills, Michael G. L.; Macdonald, David W.; Borner, Markus; Masenga, Emmanuel; Packer, Craig (2014). Boutin, Stan (ed.). "Cheetahs and wild dogs show contrasting patterns of suppression by lions". Journal of Animal Ecology. 83 (6): 1418–1427. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12231. PMID 24724917.
  44. ^ "Exciting News in Iona National Park".
  45. ^ "Cheetah Conservation In Botswana".
  46. ^ Ilanit Chernick (25 January 2017). "Only 7100 cheetahs left in the world". IOL. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  47. ^ "Cheetah Spotted in Eswatini".
  48. ^ "Wild Cheetahs of Tanzania".
  49. ^ "Kenya's endamgered Cheetahs".
  50. ^ IUCN/SSC. (2007). Regional conservation strategy for the cheetah and African wild dog in Southern Africa. IUCN Gland, Switzerland.
  51. ^ Purchase, G., Marker, L., Marnewick, K., Klein, R., & Williams, S. (2007). Regional assessment of the status, distribution and conservation needs of cheetahs in southern Africa. Cat News Special Issue 3: 44-46.
  52. ^ "Namibia: Cheetah Conservation Fund Celebrates 25 Years". allAfrica.com. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  53. ^ "Cheetah Population". cheetah.co.za Cheetah Outreach. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  54. ^ "Cheetahs return to Free State". enca.com. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  55. ^ a b c "Cats and dogs on the prowl at uMkhuze". South Coast Herald. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  56. ^ Ilanit Chernick (25 January 2017). "Only 7100 cheetahs left in the world". IOL. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  57. ^ "Cheetah - De Wildt Cheetah". DeWildt.co. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  58. ^ Laurie Marker (1998). Current Status of the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (PDF). Cheetah.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  59. ^ "Iconic Cheetah dies on Karoo Reserve". Graaff Reinet. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  60. ^ "The Cheetahs of Samara". Samara. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  61. ^ "Iconic Samara cheetah lives on with the birth of grand-cubs". Traveller24. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  62. ^ "Cheetah Metapopulation Project". CheetahPopulation.org.za. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  63. ^ "Facilitation of the Managed Cheetah Metapopulation". ewt.org.za. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  64. ^ "Wild cheetahs return to the Free State". SouthAfrica.info. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  65. ^ "Cheetahs Return to Laohu Valley Reserve & The Free State". Savechinastigers.org. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  66. ^ "First Wild Cheetahs Born In Free State In Over A Century". Savechinastigers.org. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  67. ^ Portia Cele (25 October 2016). "Rewilding iSimangaliso: a review of reintroducing endangered species". EastCoastRadio. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  68. ^ "Rewilding iSimangaliso: Lions, cheetah and wild dog projects bloom in time for summer holidays". Traveller24. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  69. ^ Archangel Nzangaya (24 May 2017). "Cheetahs reintroduced in Malawi". Malawi 24. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  70. ^ Shreya Dasgupta (29 May 2017). "Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades". Mongabay. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  71. ^ "Cheetahs". Chiawa Campe. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  72. ^ a b Divyabhanusinh (1999). The End of a Trail: the Cheetah in India. Banyan Books, New Delhi.
  73. ^ The Times of India, Thursday, July 9, 2009, p. 11.
  74. ^ Vivek Trivedi (24 December 2014). "Forest department prepares to bring Cheetah to Nauradehi wildlife sanctuary". Pradesh18. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  75. ^ "Cheetah reintroduction hits roadblock for want of funds". The Economic Times. 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  76. ^ "| Travel India Guide". Binoygupta.com. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  77. ^ "Breaking: India's Plan to Re-Introduce the Cheetah on Hold". Cheetah Watch. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  78. ^ a b c "South Africa to send 12 cheetahs a year to India". BBC News. 2023-01-27.
  79. ^ "2 More Namibian Cheetahs Released Into Wild At Kuno National Park". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
edit
 
Wikispecies has information related to Acinonyx jubatus jubatus.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acinonyx jubatus jubatus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_African_cheetah&oldid=1252575225"
  NODES
eth 6
News 14
orte 5
see 9
Story 3