Wikipedia

Mpumalanga

(Redirected from Eastern Transvaal)
"Eastern Transvaal" redirects here. For the rugby team formerly known as "Eastern Transvaal", see Falcons (rugby team). For the team formerly called "South Eastern Transvaal" representing Mpumalanga, see Pumas (Currie Cup).
For other uses, see Mpumalanga (disambiguation).

26°S 30°E / 26°S 30°E / -26; 30 Mpumalanga (/əmˌpuːməˈlɑːŋɡə/) is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Nguni languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. It shares borders with the South African provinces of Limpopo to the north, Gauteng to the west, the Free State to the southwest, and KwaZulu-Natal to the south. The capital is Mbombela.[5]

Mpumalanga
iMpumalanga
iPumalanga
Province
Flag of Mpumalanga
Flag
Coat of arms of Mpumalanga
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Omnia labor vincit (Labour will conquer all)
Map showing the location of Mpumalanga in the eastern part of South Africa
Location of Mpumalanga in South Africa
CountrySouth Africa
Established27 April 1994
CapitalMbombela
Districts
List
Government
 • TypeParliamentary system
 • PremierMandla Ndlovu (ANC)
 • LegislatureMpumalanga Provincial Legislature
Area
[1]: 9 
 • Total
76,495 km2 (29,535 sq mi)
 • Rank8th in South Africa
Highest elevation
2,331 m (7,648 ft)
Population
 (2022)[2]
 • Total
5,142,216
 • Rank6th in South Africa
 • Density67/km2 (170/sq mi)
  • Rank3rd in South Africa
Population groups (2022)
[2]
 • Black95.3%
 • White3.6%
 • Coloured0.6%
 • Indian or Asian0.5%
 • Other0.5%
Languages (2022)
[2]
 • Swazi30.5%
 • Zulu27.8%
 • Tsonga10.6%
 • Pedi10.3%
 • Southern Ndebele9.9%
 • Afrikaans3.2%
 • Southern Sotho2.3%
 • English1.5%
Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
ISO 3166 codeZA-MP
HDI (2019)0.675[3]
medium · 7th of 9
GDPUS$58.2 billion[4]
Websitewww.mpumalanga.gov.za Edit this at Wikidata
Mpumalanga
ZuluiMpumalanga
AfrikaansMpumalanga
SepediMpumalanga
SwazieMpumalanga
SetswanaBotlhabatsatsi
XitsongaVuhuma-dyambu
Southern NdebeleiPumalanga

Mpumalanga was formed in 1994, when the area that was the Eastern Transvaal was merged with the former bantustans KaNgwane, KwaNdebele and parts of Lebowa and Gazankulu. Although the contemporary borders of the province were only formed at the end of apartheid, the region and its surroundings have a history that extends back thousands of years. Much of its history, and current significance is as a region of trade.[6]

History

edit

Precolonial Era

edit
 
One of the Lydenburg Heads from around A.D. 500 found in Mpumalanga

Archeological sites in the Mpumalanga region indicate settlement by humans and their ancestors dating back 1.7 million years.[6] Rock paintings, engravings and other archeological evidence throughout the province indicate that Mpumalanga has a long history of human habitation by groups of hunter gatherers. Excavations not far from the Mpumalanga border in the Origstad district, show evidence of Middle Stone Age habitation dating back to 40,000 years ago.[7] The Lion Cavern, in Ngwenya on the Eswatini border, shows evidence of people mining iron ore in the Mpumalanga region and surrounding areas from at least 28 000 years ago.[8]

Evidence from mine shafts and trade goods shows that there was notable industry in tin, copper, gold, iron, ochre, and bronze. The Lydenburg Heads, from around 500 CE, are Africa's oldest Iron Age artworks south of the equator and were found in Mpumalanga.[9] Evidence from a site near Mbombela shows evidence of agricultural societies from between the 6th to 17th century.[10]

Bokoni stone-walled sites on the Mpumalanga highveld are indicative of a large precolonial agropastoral society between ~1500 and 1820 CE.[11][12] These societies became centers of trade, with increasingly large and centralised populations This pattern increased as they connected to the Portuguese trading post in Maputo Bay.[7]

In this era, groups that would become the Swazi, Pedi, Ndebele, Mapulana and others established themselves in the area that is now Mpumalanga.[citation needed]

Colonial era

edit

In 1845, as part of the Great Trek, the first Dutch-speaking colonial settlers arrived in what they called the eastern Transvaal.[6] The rest of the 19th century in the region was characterised by colonial encroachment and conflict over land and political control. In 1852, the Boers established the South African Republic.[13] The well established Pedi, Swazi and Zulu kingdoms put up significant resistance against the settlers. The Pedi fought wars with the Boers in 1876 (see Sekhukhune Wars) and the Zulu fought with British settlers in 1879 (see Anglo-Zulu War). These interconnected conflicts played a role in shifting the balance of power in southern Africa to colonial control.[6] After 1860, missionaries, especially German missionaries like Alexander Merensky set up mission stations in the region, spreading Christianity and European values.[6]

Just as the region had been a center for trade in the precolonial era, in the colonial era, the Eastern Transvaal region became an important thoroughfare for trade between Johannesburg and Delagoa Bay (now Maputo). Gold mining around areas like Pilgrims Rest and Barberton and farming were the main forms of economic activity. On farms in the Transvaal, under a system known as Inboekstelsel, Boers carried out raids to capture children and forced them into indentured labour.[14] During the South African War, the region was the site of notable battles.

Apartheid

edit

When the National Party came to power in 1948, their policy of apartheid intensified the segregation that had defined communities in the Transvaal. Under a policy of forced removals, Black South Africans were evicted from areas reserved for white people and moved into homelands, including KaNgwane, KwaNdebele, Lebowa and Gazankulu.[15] As the apartheid regime implemented oppressive policies that defined almost every aspect of life, activists responded with resistance.

In 1959, the small town of Bethal on what is now the Mpumalanga highveld was the center of the anti-apartheid consumer potato boycott in response to the working conditions Black South African labourers faced on farms in the area.[16] The region was influenced by dynamics in exile and elsewhere in the country, for instance Black Consciousness, the Sharpeville Massacre and the 1976 Soweto Uprisings. In the 1980s, under intense repression, youth and labour organizations moblized against the government and townships and Bantustans erupted in political unrest and violence.[6]

In 1986, an avoidable disaster [clarification needed] killed 177 mine workers in Kinross Mine in the region's highveld. The response to the disaster by the National Union of Mineworkers was a key point in the South African labour struggle. By the late 1980s, the intensity of resistance across South Africa (including areas like Mpumalanga, which hadn't previously been seen as key areas of resistance) combined with economic factors and international pressure was strong enough to end apartheid. On 27 April 1994, when South Africa held its first democratic elections, Mpumalanga province was formed. It was originally called the "Eastern Transvaal" province, but the name was later changed to Mpumalanga on 24 August 1995.[citation needed]

Post-apartheid

edit

The liberation movement turned leading party, the African National Congress (ANC) came into power in Mpumalanga after white minority rule ended. A program of land redistribution, aimed at granting land back to the black communities who were forcibly moved during apartheid, had redistributed tens of thousands of hectares to these communities and their descendants. However, the process has been marked by corruption, controversy and has been seen as inadequate to address the extent of apartheid spatial planning.[17]

In 2001, 1,270 hectares of the Boomplaats farm near Mashishing was the first farm in South Africa to be expropriated.[18]

Geography

edit
 
A view from the mountains of the Barberton Geotrail, where evidence of the earliest signs of life (3.2 billion-years-old) was found.[19]

The Drakensberg escarpment divides Mpumalanga into a westerly half consisting mainly of high-altitude grassland called the Highveld and an eastern half situated in low-altitude subtropical Lowveld/Bushveld, mostly savanna habitat. The southern half of the Kruger National Park is in the latter region. The Drakensberg exceeds heights of 2000 m in most places, with this central region of Mpumalanga being very mountainous. These regions have alpine grasslands and small pockets of Afromontane forest. The Lowveld is relatively flat with interspersed rocky outcrops. The Lebombo Mountains form a low range in the far east, on the border with Mozambique.

Some of the oldest rocks on earth have been found in the Barberton area; these ancient greenstones and metamorphosed granites form the Crocodile River Mountains in the southeast of the province. The Lowveld is underlaid by African Cratonic Basement rocks of ages in excess of 2 billion years. The Highveld is mostly Karoo Sequence sedimentary rock of a younger, Carboniferous to Permian age.

Mpumalanga is the only South African province to border two provinces of Mozambique (Gaza Province to the northeast and Maputo Province to the east), as well as all four regions of Eswatini (Lubombo, Hhohho, Manzini, and Shiselweni districts).

Climate

edit

The Lowveld is subtropical, due to its latitude and proximity to the warm Indian Ocean. The Highveld is comparatively much cooler and drier, due to its elevation of 1700 m to 2300 m above sea level. The Drakensberg escarpment receives the most precipitation, with all other areas being moderately well-watered by mostly-summer thunderstorms. The Highveld often experiences considerable freezing, while the Lowveld is mostly frost-free. Winter rainfall is rare, except for some drizzle on the escarpment. The differences in climate are demonstrated by comparing the capital, Mbombela, which is in the Lowveld, with Belfast, which is an hour away on the Highveld:

  • Mbombela averages: January maximum: 29 °C (min: 19 °C), July maximum: 23 °C (min: 6 °C), annual precipitation: 767 mm
  • Belfast averages: January maximum: 23 °C (min: 12 °C), June maximum: 15 °C (min: 1 °C), annual precipitation: 878 mm

With climate change in the province, rainfall is becoming more variable, temperatures and evaporation rates are rising and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. It is predicted that these changes will shift biomes so that most of the province will be savanna.[20]

 
Proteas near Sabie

Ecology

edit

Some of the earliest signs of life on Earth have been found in Mpumalanga. In the Makhonjwa mountain range's greenstone belt near Barberton, a fossil layer shows microbial activity that is 3.22 billion years old. This discovery indicates that life emerged on Earth 300 million years earlier than previously thought.[19]

Mpumalanga has a high plant and animal diversity. Many species are endemic to the province.

Endemic species

edit

A partial list of species that are endemic to Mpumalanga

 
Kruger National Park, South Africa's largest conservation area

Conservation areas

edit

The diverse and special flora and fauna of the province enjoys protection in a range of nature reserves.

Many species of plants are unique to the different geological formations within Mpumalanga. Some examples of these formations include serpentines of Barberton Mountains, norites of Sekhukhuneland, quartzites of Blyde River Canyon, and the dolomites in the northern plateaus.[32]

Law and government

edit
Main article: Politics of Mpumalanga

Mpumalanga is governed by the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature, a unicameral system of 30 legislators democratically elected though a closed list system. Under the constitution of South Africa, the legislature is intended to create laws, promote public participation and provide oversight.[33] From 1994 to the present, the African National Congress has been the leading party in the Mpumalanga legislature. As of the 2019 elections, the Economic Freedom Fighters, Democratic Alliance and Freedom Front Plus are in opposition in the legislature.[33] Elected every five years, the premier of Mpumalanga is the head of government in the province. Since 2024 Mandla Ndlovu has held the office of premier.[34]

Municipalities

edit
Main article: List of municipalities in Mpumalanga
 
Mpumalanga districts and local municipalities

Mpumalanga Province is divided into three district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 18 local municipalities:

District municipalities

edit

Economy

edit

Farming

edit
 
Farm in Mpumalanga highveld

68% of land area in the province is used by agriculture. The climatic contrasts between the drier Highveld region, with its cold winters, and the hot, humid Lowveld allow for a variety of agricultural activities. Mpumalanga has been an important supplier of fruit and vegetables for local and international markets for decades.[35] A history of dispossession mean that farming land is largely white owned, although policies of land redistribution era aim to address this.

Crops include maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, sunflower seed, soybeans, macadamias, groundnuts, sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, citrus, subtropical and deciduous fruit.[36] Natural grazing covers approximately 14% of Mpumalanga. The main products are beef, mutton, wool, poultry and dairy.

Farming in the province is driven by both a combination of seasonal, permanent and temporary labourers. Conditions on farms vary widely but seasonal and temporary workers, many of whom are migrant workers from nearby Mozambique, face intense insecurity.[35]

Forestry is extensive around Sabie and Graskop. Located near the forests, Ngodwana is the site of one of South Africa's largest paper mills (Sappi).[37]

Mining

edit

Extensive mining is done and the minerals found include gold, platinum group metals, silica, chromite, vanadiferous magnetite, argentiferous zinc, antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, tin, coal, andalusite, chrysotile asbestos, kieselguhr, limestone, magnesite, talc and shale.

Gold was first discovered in Mpumalanga province in 1883 by Auguste Roberts in the mountains surrounding what is now Barberton. Gold is still mined in the Barberton area today.[38]

Mpumalanga accounts for 83% of South Africa's coal production. 90% of South Africa's coal consumption is used for electricity generation and the synthetic fuel industry. Coal power stations are in proximity to the coal deposits. A coal liquefaction plant in Secunda (Secunda CTL) is one of the country's two petroleum-from-coal extraction plants, which is operated by the synthetic fuel company Sasol.[39]

The high density of coal power stations on the Mpumalanga highveld means that the region has the highest levels of nitrogen dioxide pollution in the world.[40]

Attractions

edit

Mpumalanga is popular with tourists. Kruger National Park, established in 1898 for the protection of Lowveld wildlife, covering 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi), is a popular destination.[41] The other major tourist attractions include the Sudwala Caves and the Blyde River Canyon.

Many activities including the big jump, mountain and quad biking, horse trails, river rafting and big game viewing are endemic to the region. This is "Big Five" territory. Towns in the Lowveld are Barberton, Mbombela, White River, Sabie, Graskop, Hazyview, Malelane, Pilgrim's Rest, Lydenburg and Nkomazi.[42]

In 2008, a Haute Cuisine route was formed, trickling from Mbombela down to Hazyview. The Lowveld Gourmet Route covers the four top fine dining restaurants the area has to offer. The restaurants include Summerfields Kitchen, Oliver's Restaurant, Orange and Salt.[43]

Culture

edit
 
Ndebele traditional dress

Mpumalanga is home to a diverse range of cultures, including Swazi, Ndebele, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Zulu, Mapulana, Portuguese and Pedi communities.

The Ndebele Cultural Village at Botshabelo is a renowned center of cultural heritage, with displays of Ndebele house painting. Ndebele artist Esther Mahalangu gained international acclaim for her artwork rooted in Ndebele traditions and geometric patterns. Prominent South African artist Gerard Sekoto was born in Botshabelo.

Many celebrated South African musicians, such as Ray Phiri, Rebecca Malope and Pretty Yende, are from Mpumalanga.

Since 2003, Mpumalanga's capital city, Mbombela, has hosted the Afrikaans national arts festival Innibos. The festival features music, comedy, arts, crafts and theatre.[44]

edit

Demographics

edit
 
Population density in Mpumalanga
  •   <1 /km²
  •   1–3 /km²
  •   3–10 /km²
  •   10–30 /km²
  •   30–100 /km²
  •   100–300 /km²
  •   300–1000 /km²
  •   1000–3000 /km²
  •   >3000 /km²
 
Dominant home languages in Mpumalanga

Mpumalanga's population is 4,039,939 people (according to the 2011 census).[45] The average population density is 52.81 people per km².[45]

Some 30% of the people speak siSwati, the language of neighbouring Eswatini, with 26% speaking isiZulu, 10.3% isiNdebele, 10.2% Sepedi and 11.6% Xitsonga. As of the 2011 census, approximately 90.65% of Mpumalanga's population are Black, 7.51% are White, and 0.91% are Coloured and 0.69% are Indian or Asian.[45]

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mpumalanga.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Statistical Release - Census 2022" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ "Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022" (PDF), www.statssa.gov.za
  5. ^ "Home". www.mbombela.gov.za. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Delius, Peter (2007). Mpumalanga : history and heritage. University of Kwazulu-Natal Press. OCLC 608393212.
  7. ^ a b Esterhuysen, Amanda (2007). "The Archaeology of Mpumalanga".
  8. ^ Dart, R. A.; Beaumont, P. (1969). "Evidence of Iron Ore Mining in Southern Africa in the Middle Stone Age". Current Anthropology. 10 (1): 127–128. doi:10.1086/201014. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 2740688. S2CID 143807212.
  9. ^ "Lydenburg Heads (Ca. 500 A.D.) | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". metmuseum.org. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  10. ^ "Prehistory of the Nelspruit area | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  11. ^ "Forgotten World". Wits University Press. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  12. ^ "One of the most extraordinary archaeological and historical phenomena in Southern Africa | The Heritage Portal". theheritageportal.co.za. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  13. ^ Eybers, G. W. (George von Welfling) (1918). Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910. Cornell University Library. London : G. Routledge & Sons; New York, E.P. Dutton & Co.
  14. ^ Calder., Campbell, Gwyn, 1952- Miers, Suzanne. Miller, Joseph (2008). Women and slavery. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1725-6. OCLC 811623995.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "Mpumalanga | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  16. ^ "Don't eat potatoes! | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  17. ^ Bloom, Kevin (19 March 2022). "DM168 INVESTIGATION: Case number 35402/2010 – the Mabuzas and the giant Mpumalanga land claims 'scam'". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  18. ^ "First farm to be expropriated". News24. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Life took hold on land 300 million years earlier than thought". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Mpumalanga". Lets Respond Toolkit. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  21. ^ Rampartab, Bronner (2016). A conservation assessment of Amblysomus robustus in Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT, editors. The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. South Africa: South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
  22. ^ "Enteromius treurensis, Treur barb". fishbase.se. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  23. ^ "Protea curvata | PlantZAfrica". pza.sanbi.org. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Sim's Spotted Aloe (Aloe simii)". iNaturalist Guatemala. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  25. ^ "Komati Waterberry (Syzygium komatiense)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  26. ^ "Notes on the Lamiaceae: A new Tetradenia and a new Thorncroftia from South Africa".
  27. ^ "Four new species of Amphilius". www.planetcatfish.com. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  28. ^ "Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants". redlist.sanbi.org. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Longtom Oneye (Monopsis kowynensis)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  30. ^ "Aloe nubigena". www.plantzafrica.com. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  31. ^ "Private Safari Lodge". nottens.co.za.
  32. ^ Ernst., Schmidt (2007). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Lotter, Mervyn., McCleland, Warren., Burrows, J. E. (John Eric), 1950-, Burrows, Sandie, 1959-, Hempson, Dave., Amm, Mike. (2nd ed., rev. and updated ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana Media. ISBN 978-1-77009-375-1. OCLC 309666362.
  33. ^ a b "About the Legislature". Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  34. ^ Government, 2013 © Mpumalanga Provincial. "Office of the Premier — Mpumalanga Provincial Government". Office of the Premier — Mpumalanga Provincial Government. Retrieved 14 June 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ a b Mather, Charles (November 2000). "Foreign Migrants in Export Agriculture: Mozambican Labour in the Mpumalanga Lowveld, South Africa". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 91 (4): 426–436. doi:10.1111/1467-9663.00128. ISSN 0040-747X.
  36. ^ "Mpumalanga Province Freight Data Bank > Industries > Agriculture, Hunting & Forestry". www.safiri.co.za. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  37. ^ Mpumalanga in brief: The economy of the province Archived 13 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine (URL accessed 30 April 2006)
  38. ^ "Barberton" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Mpumalanga South Africa, ExploreSouthAfrica.net. (URL accessed 30 April 2006)
  39. ^ "Coal", South Africa Country Analysis Brief, Energy Information Administration. (URL accessed 30 April 2006)
  40. ^ "We have the dirtiest air in the world". November 2018.
  41. ^ "Kruger National Park", South Africa Explored.
  42. ^ "Mpumalanga news". mpumalanga.co.za. Archived from the original on 26 January 1998.
  43. ^ Mpumalanga Haute Cuisine
  44. ^ "InniBos Kunstefees / Event in Nelspruit, Mpumalanga". sa-venues.com. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  45. ^ a b c "Census 2011: Province: Mpumalanga". census2011.adrianfrith.com. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mpumalanga.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&oldid=1257072242"
  NODES
Done 2
eth 2
News 6
see 10
Story 16