Education in Belarus is free at all levels except for higher education.[1] The government ministry that oversees the running of the school systems is the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus. Each of the regions inside Belarus has oversight of the education system, and students may attend either a public (state) or a private school. The current structure of the educational system was established by decree in 1994. The education system is also based on The Education Code of the Republic of Belarus and other educational standards.[2]
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[3] finds that Belarus is fulfilling 90.8% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.[4] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Belarus' income level, the nation is achieving 85.2% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 96.3% for secondary education.[5]
Pre-school education
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Pre-school education is not compulsory in Belarus, but around 70% of children attend kindergarten (at the ages of 3 to 5) before they start school.[6] Nursery (at the ages 1 to 2) is also available but it's not as popular as kindergarten because maternity leave in Belarus lasts 3 years and many children stay at home till 3 years.
Some kindergartens are specialized to work with psycho-physically challenged children to help them socialize.
Very few kindergartens work in Belarusian language, and some parents experience difficulties trying to find a Belarusian-speaking kindergarten.[7]
Primary and secondary education
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Education in primary and secondary schools is required for children from the ages of six until fifteen and lasts for 9 years. After finishing basic education, each student must pass the basic educational curriculum and is given a certificate by the state. Then students are able to enter a professional technical institutions where they can focus on completing their high school education and study to get a professional certificate.
Completion of 11 years of school or a professional certificate allows students to enter higher educational establishments or enter professional technical institutions as well; the length of the schooling depends on what the student has chosen.[6]
The majority of children are educated in Russian language, some regions have no schools working in Belarusian language.[7]
Belarusian schools use administrative resource to drag the pupils into the state-controlled BRSM youth union.[8][7]
Higher education
editHigher education has been in constant growth since 1991. In 2011, 4,725 per 10,000 citizens were undergraduates. Belarus has also adopted the ECTS system, allowing more student mobility.[9] Belarus counts 55 higher education institutions (45 state-owned, 10 private).
To enter a higher educational establishment a student must pass three centralized tests (and get up to 100 points per test).[10]
There are two leading establishments of higher education in the national education system:
- Academy of Public Administration under the aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus
- Belarusian State University
- Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics
In 2020–2021, several teachers were fired for political reasons from universities.[11][12][13][14][15] Ethnologist Uladzimir Lobač claimed that he was fired after Natalya Kochanova and Ihar Marzaliuk threatened the Polack State University not to certify it.[15]
A number of students who participated in the protests or openly expressed their civil position were expelled.[16][17][18][19] A number of expelled students were forced to leave the country[15]
Marks
editA ten-point grading scale has been used since 2002. It is used in primary, secondary and higher education.
The grading scale is divided into five levels:
| Level | Grade | Russian equivalent[2] |
|---|---|---|
| High | 10 | 5+ |
| 9 | 5 | |
| Good | 8 | 4+ |
| 7 | 4 | |
| Average | 6 | 4- |
| 5 | 3+ | |
| Satisfactory | 4 | 3 |
| 3 | 3- | |
| Low | 2 | 2 |
| 1 | 1 |
Marks "1" and "2" are considered as "Fail" at school. In higher education, "3" is also considered as "Fail".
Bologna process
editBelarus has been a member of Bologna Process since May 2015. The country left the Bologna Process in 2022
References
edit- ^ Education in Belarus|Study in Belarus, Study in Belarus Universities, 15 April 2018
- ^ a b "Home". adu.by. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ "Belarus - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ "Belarus - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ a b "Education, Belarus". www.belarus.by. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^ a b c Šałajeva Alena, Education in Belarus
- ^ Youth Protests against Compulsory Membership of Pro-Lukashenka Youth Union
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Республиканский Институт Контроля Знаний". rikc.by. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^ Маці адваката Бабарыкі будзе судзіцца з БДУ праз звальненне
- ^ З БДУ звольнілі выкладчыка ангельскай мовы. Ён толькі выйшаў пасьля 15 сутак
- ^ З БДУ звольнілі выкладчыка клясычных моваў і антычнай літаратуры, які выкладаў па-беларуску і асуджаў гвалт
- ^ Выкладчык журфака БДУ застаўся без працы за подпіс супраць гвалту і беззаконня
- ^ a b c Уволенные преподаватели, покинувшие страну студенты. Как протесты 2020 года изменили школы и вузы Беларуси в 2021-м
- ^ Дваіх юнакоў адлічылі з ФПМІ БДУ за падтрымку студэнтаў-палітвязняў
- ^ Студэнта-палітвязня Арцёма Баярскага адлічылі з БДУ
- ^ Журналістку «Народнай Волі» Глафіру Жук адлічылі з факультэта журналістыкі БДУ
- ^ ІЛЛЯ ТРАХТЭНБЕРГ
External links
edit- Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus(in Belarusian)
- Structure of Educational System - Belarus
- Four Western Myths About Belarusian Higher Education
- Education in Belarus UNICEF country report (2012)
- Vocational Education in Belarus UNESCO-UNEVOC country profile (2012)
- The unexpected rise of Belarusian universities in international rankings Belarus Digest
- Как два учителя делают «образовательную революцию» в Беларуси // Charter 97 (in Russian)