Education in Kyrgyzstan is compulsory for nine years, between ages seven and 15.[1] Following four years of primary and five years of lower secondary school, the system offers two years of upper secondary school, specialized secondary school, or vocational/technical school.[1]
The Ministry of Education and Science (MES) is in charge of education in Kyrgyzstan.[2] Budget cuts that have reduced teacher salaries and equipment availability are reflected disproportionately in reduced numbers of female students.[1]
In 2008, 3.7 percent of gross domestic product was spent on education.[3] In 2001 some 89 percent of the relevant age-group was enrolled in the compulsory program, but this figure has decreased in the early 2000s.[1][3] In 2004 the literacy rate in Kyrgyzstan was 98.7 percent.[1]
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[4] finds that Kyrgyzstan is fulfilling only 89.3% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.[5] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Kyrgyzstan's income level, the nation is achieving 84.2% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 94.4% for secondary education.[5]
Structure and organization
editPre-school and primary education
editPre-school is addressed to children from 3 to 6/7 and is not compulsory.[2] Access to it is limited (net enrollment ratio of 10% in 2005).[3]
Primary school usually starts at 6 or 7, lasts four years and is compulsory. Since 2007, uniforms are required in primary education. The law was pointed out as a source of school-drop out, as the uniform has to be bought by the parents.[3] Teaching quality is sometime described as "poor":[3] Kyrgyzstan ranked last in reading, mathematics and science at PISA 2006.[3]
Secondary education
editSecondary education begins with the basic secondary education, which lasts four years and is compulsory.[2] Students have then the choice between comprehensive and vocation educations.
Comprehensive education is constituted of a two-year curriculum, which grants — if completed — a certificate of completion ("attestat"). The certificate is generally required to join a university.[6]
Vocational education is offered through three kinds of courses: A three-year course mixing vocational and general education and preparing for higher education, a two-year course mixing vocational and general education (without preparation to higher education), and a ten-month course of pure vocational education (also open to adults).[7] Vocational education is given in professional lyceum and vocational technical colleges.[7]
Tertiary education
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Higher education includes universities, academies, specialized higher education institutes and institutes.[2] There are 54 tertiary education institutions: 33 public for 21 private.[6] The gross enrolment rate in higher education was 12.5% in 2011/2012.[6]
Universities deliver bachelor's (Bakalavr) degrees in four years, which allows students to pursue master's (Magistr) programs, lasting two years. They also offer a "specialist degree" (specialist) in five (or six for medical and architecture studies) years. The specialist and the master's degrees open the door to PhD programs (aspirantura).[6]
Academies offer the same degrees in fields of scientific activity. An institute is usually a specialized branch of a university or an academy. Specialized higher education institutes are narrow profiles institutions.[6]
There were criticisms about the competency of university lecturers in Kyrgyzstan: if a master's degree is theoretically required to teach at university, most teachers actually hold a Bachelor or even no degree at all.[6]
See also
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References
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- ^ a b c d e Kyrgyzstan country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d "World Data on Education: Kyrgyzstan" (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "Education in Kyrgyzstan" (PDF). UNICEF. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ^ a b "Kyrgyzstan - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ^ a b c d e f "Higher Education in Kyrgyzstan" (PDF). European Commission. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Vocational Education in Kyrgyzstan". UNESCO-UNEVOC. 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
External links
edit- World Data on Education: Kyrgyzstan, UNESCO-IBE(2011) Archived 2015-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Overview of the Kyrgyz Education system
- Vocational Education in Kyrgyzstan, UNESCO-UNEVOC(2013)- Overview of the kyrgyz Vocational Education system.