Ekoi people, also known as Ejagham, are an ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria and extending eastward into the southwest region of Cameroon. They speak the Ejagham language. Other Ekoi languages are spoken by related groups, including the Etung, some groups in Ikom (such as Ofutop, Akparabong and Nde), some groups in Ogoja (Ishibori and Bansarra), Ufia, and Yakö. The Ekoi have lived closely with the nearby Efik, Annang, Ibibio, and Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. The Ekoi are best known for their Ekpe headdresses and the Nsibidi script.[1] The Ejagham likely are the creators of the Nsibidi ideograms and still use them as a part of tradition.[2][3][4][5]
 Ekoi skin-covered Ekpe headdress and mask | |
| Languages | |
|---|---|
| Ekoi language, English language, French language | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional Ekoi Religions, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Oron, Bahumono, Igbo, Mbube and other Ekoid peoples |
Geography
editThe Ekoi in Nigeria are found in Cross River State. The Ekoid languages are spoken around this area, although English (the national language) is also spoken. The Ejaham are spread out living in multiple villages called etek. Seeing a number of coconut trees or a mboma tree at the entrance or center of a village is an indication that you have entered Ejaham territory. In order to have easy access to a reliable source of water, all villages are built by a river or stream.[6]: 11 It was convenient for people to live in the Cross River area, as they were used as main roads and journeys for trade routes.[7]
Language
editThe Ekoi language is one of the Ekoid languages, a Bantoid language in the Niger–Congo dialect cluster. The Ekoi are the likely creators of the Nsibidi script, a script which can be seen in many surviving artifacts found in the areas inhabited by the Ekoi/Ejagham people, and which roughly translates into "cruel letters". It is an entirely African script, with virtually no Western influence. According to Ekoi folklore, the script was taught to them by mermaids.[4]
Nsibidi ideograms convey countless concepts. There are over 12 different symbols for love, 7 different symbols for hatred, 7 different symbols for speech, 8 different symbols for mirror, 14 different symbols for a set table, and 6 different symbols for journeys. Symbols that are shaded in usually mean danger or bad fortune, and include ideas of a dead body or the death of a friend. The nsibidi script is used in the Ekoi languages and is understandable in reading and writing. The script's importance is emphasized through its beauty and artistic aesthetics rather than its ability to shape cohesive sentences.[4]
History
editThe predominant paternal haplogroup among the Ejagham is E1b1a1-M2.[8] The ancestors of the Ejagham originally came from Northeast Africa and moved around the Green Sahara.[9] The gradual movement of the Proto Ejagham to the Lake Ejagham area may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE.[10]
Ntufam Ndifon Attah explains that "Ejagham" is derived from the combination of three words: ekub (a whole or parcel), ejag (split or broken), haam (going on infinitely or without end). Put together then, Ejagham stands for that unified whole or parcel that was originally one but is now broken into pieces and is forging for reunification. This refers to the first break away of the other tribes (in Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, South Africa etc.) that migrated from the historical Bantu. It further refers to the reunification of the Ejagham speaking communities in Ikom LGA, Etung LGA, Quas of the present Calabar and it environs, Ishibor in Ogoja and Southern Cameroons among others. The Ejagham are one of the oldest Bantu groups and were an integral part of the Bantu expansion.
By 200 AD, the Ejagham civilization had developed to such an advanced level that gave inspiration to the creation of ingenious forms as exemplified by the Ikom monoliths[11] and Nsibidi script. There was a large and centralized Ejagham kingdom with a capacity for mobilizing its citizenry for its various needs. A strong economy supported by a secure agro-technological base was established. Fishing was practiced by those at the coastal areas and hunting by those residing in the hinterland. Domestication of animals like sheep, goats, and fowls was common while the knowledge of iron workings provided the tools through which most of these activities were carried out.
Before Igbo arrival to the Arochukwu region, a group of proto Ibibio migrated to the area and established the Ibom Kingdom. This proto Ibibio group originally came from Usak Edet (Isanguele), a segment of the Ejagham in present-day Southern Cameroon. Eventually, groups of Igbo settlers moved into the area. Tensions between the Igbo settlers and the majority of the indigenous Ibibio led to the Aro-Ibibio Wars. The Efik were originally from the Ibom Kingdom and might have left before or during the Aro-Ibibio Wars. The Igbo settlers invited Ejagham (Akpa) mercenaries led by Osim and Akuma Nnubi. The allied Igbo settlers, Ibibio rebels, and Akpa mercenaries won the war. The Arochukwu kingdom was founded by Akuma Nnubi.
Atlantic Slave trade
editThe Atlantic slave trade was at its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries after previous encounters with the Portuguese. Old Calabar, a city state in southeastern Nigeria, was a major center for the Slave Trade as well as trading palm oil. During this time the indigenous culture was completely destroyed and manhunts along with human sacrifice were at an all time high.[7]: 5–6
Ekoi people taken into slavery across the Atlantic were notable in Cuba, where their art, seen in the forms of drums and headdresses, survives to this day.[4]
Colonialism
editThe Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. When a German captain named Von Weiss was killed, the European power took measures to combat the native Ekoi people (1899-1904 German-Ekoi War). However, the response was not uniform; not only were there no pitched battles, but some villages fled instead of fighting back.[12] Moreover, Ekoi people in British-controlled Nigeria did not act to help their ethnic compatriots.[12]
Ekoi Society
editThe Ejagham, an East Nigerian ethnic group, was the first to make skin covered masks and dance in them. The Nigerian and Cameroon regions share similar tribal organizations and traditional masks. Nkwa-mbuk, a mask-wearing society of the Ekoi, performed rituals such as human sacrifices and head hunting. Once a battle was won, the skin of the enemies were taken and made into a mask to proclaim victory. The head and heart are the most significant parts of the body. The head is the home of the spirit, therefore, to come back with the head of an outsider showed you were a strong man. Men were expected to engage in combat in order to be accepted in a male power society and have the opportunity to get married.[7]: 5–6
The Ekoi believe that the heirs of the first settlers of their present settlement own the land. Though newcomers are not allowed to buy land, they are able to purchase rights of settlement. Ekoi men have traditionally hunted, while women have engaged in fishing, agriculture, raising yams, plantains, and corn (maize). Both men and women participate in weaving.[4][12]
The people of Ejagham treat the earth with the utmost respect. The land provides the crops that grow in the fields, water to drink and bath in from the river, and animals to hunt in the forest. The man who chooses the place of settlement becomes the chief of the village. The current chief of the village along with all the previous chiefs before him are honored until the end of time. Each time the village is met with a blessing the people present offerings to the ancestors.[6]: 17
Mgbe and Nnimm
editThe Mgbe and Nnimm societies were for males and females, respectively, in the Ekoi community. The Ekpe(Leopard) Society believed in the story of an old king named Tanze. When he died, he became a fish that was caught by a woman. A man killed the woman, created the Leopard Society, and Tanze became the body of a female drum.[4] This tale raised the symbols of the roaring fish and the leopard as signs from God and so they would be referred to in every Ekoi court.[4]
Initiates of Nnimm would be unmarried young girls.[4] They would wear cursive body-painting and material dresses of calabash and shells, as well as leather necklaces. Bones of monkeys were matched with feather headdresses (the single feather at the back of the head was most important, as it was the Nnimm feather) and finished off with a cowrie-fringed wrapper.[4] Nnimm plumes would become very important to Africans in Cuba.[4]
-
Head priest of Nimms -
Nimm neophytes
Arts
editThe Ekoi culture is known for mastering the art of sculpture. The complexity of its art is a hint to the complexity of the Ekoi people's organization. Their masks are unique because unlike most traditional African masks, the Ekoi masks are fairly realistic. In the Ekoi's approach to make 2-sided masks, the darker side represented the male force, and the whiter side the female force.[13] The wooden masks were often covered with strips of animal skin or human skin. The realism aspect is further pushed with shiny eyes and sometimes including human hair. The teeth can be carved with wood like the rest of the sculpture or different materials like wood or cane are used.[14]: 5
Body-painting and poetry are also critical to men, as they are seen simultaneously as warriors and artists. Though war has been largely uncommon in Ekoi history, except for the German-Ekoi War between 1899-1904.[4][12]
-
Long-corned statue, Coleção Museu Afro Brasil (São Paulo) -
Ekoi mask, British Museum. -
Ngbe statue -
Ekoi Headdress, De young Museum. -
Ngbe statue -
Ekoi Headdress, Honolulu Museum of Art. -
Ekoi sculptures, Linden-Museum Stuttgart -
Ejagham, skin covered mask with shiny eyes
Mythology
editThe Ekoi have a large number of spoken stories. One creation tale tells of God creating the first man and woman and allowing them to live in a hut. God tells the man to impregnate the woman and leaves before the child is born. When the child is born, God instructs the man and woman to care for their new child. At the end of the tale it is revealed that all people are descendants of this man and woman.[15]
Another tale that explains the natural world tells of Eagle and Ox playing hide-and-seek. Eagle finds Ox immediately and then hides on Ox's horns where Ox cannot see him. Ox goes to every animal and asks if they had seen Eagle, but Eagle tells them all not to say anything. Finally, Fowl tells Ox that Eagle is on his horns. Enraged, Eagle seizes Fowl and swears that he will take his children for this offense. It is said that because of this, eagles eat younger fowls.[15]
Folklore
editThe Ekoi believe in the deities named Obassi Nsi and Obassi Osaw. Though both powerful, Obassi Nsi is seen as the loving and caring deity who ripens the food that the Ekoi people plant in the ground. Once you die, your body will be buried in the ground along with your important belonging from earth. The soul then leaves the body and takes on this new form as you live on under the earth with Obassi Nsi. Now, Obassi Osaw is seen as cruel and dangerous as he terrifies the people of Ekoi and is responsible for leading them to death. He does not accept offerings, though the people will still attempt to do so by throwing objects in the air only for them to come back down. In order to protect the people from the fallen objects, Obassi Nsi will draw them down into the earth which shows that Obassi Nsi is more powerful than Obassi Osaw. These deities are friends, they split offerings and eat together. The Ekoi community refers to Obassi Nsi as their mother due to her kind spirit (Ma Obassi as known as Lady Obassi), while Obassi Osaw (Nta Obassi as known as Lord Obassi) is their father.[16]: 255–256
Leopards
editLeopards especially would be seen as important in Ekoi society. In times of ntuis (chiefs), the appointed ntui would leave his house and make a series of sacrifices. This included those of skull-caps with leopard's teeth, a staff bound with leopard's skin, and a necklace of leopard's teeth.[17] Also, when a ntui died, his people would enter the jungle to bring back the ngbe as the ntui's spirit returns to God. If they were not wary, it is believed a real leopard would attack them.[17]
Bibliography
edit- Schaedler, Karl-Ferdinand (1984). Ekoi. Munchen: Panterra Verlag. ASIN B0007B16FU.
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Ekoi. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
- ^ Carlson, Amanda (2004). "Nsibidi: An Indigenous Writing System". In Peek, Philip M.; Yankah, Kwesi (eds.). African Folklore: An Encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 599. ISBN 978-0-415-93933-1.
- ^ Slogar, Christopher (2007). "Early Ceramics from Calabar, Nigeria: Towards a History of Nsibidi". African Arts. 40 (1): 18–19. doi:10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.18. ISSN 0001-9933.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thompson, Robert Farris (1984). Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-72369-3. OCLC 1031963287.
- ^ Nwosu, Maik (2010). "In the Name of the Sign: The Nsibidi Script as the Language and Literature of the Crossroads". Semiotica (182): 286. doi:10.1515/semi.2010.061. ISSN 1613-3692.
- ^ a b Röschenthaler, Ute (1996). Ejagham (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 0-8239-1993-5. OCLC 34553391.
- ^ a b c Schaedler, Karl-Ferdinand (1984). Ekoi. München. ISBN 3-7679-0231-1. OCLC 718779411.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ M191/P86 positive samples occurred in tested populations of Annang (38.3%), Ibibio (45.6%), Efik (45%), and Igbo (54.3%). Veeramah, Krishna R; Bruce A Connell; Naser Ansari Pour; Adam Powell; Christopher A Plaster; David Zeitlyn; Nancy R Mendell; Michael E Weale; Neil Bradman; Mark G Thomas (31 March 2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 92. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10...92V. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92. PMC 2867817. PMID 20356404.
- ^ Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles N. (April 2018). "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase". American Journal of Human Genetics. 102 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003. ISSN 0002-9297. OCLC 7353789016. PMC 5985360. PMID 29526279.
- ^ Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014). "The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara". Quaternary Science Reviews. 101: 28–35. Bibcode:2014QSRv..101...28M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003.
- ^ Onor, Sandy (2015). "Chronology and Oral Historical Reconstruction: The Example of the Ejagham of the Cross River Region of Nigeria". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 24: 37–55. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 24768928. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d Anene, J.C. (December 1961). "THE NIGERIA—SOUTHERN CAMEROONS BOUNDARY (An Ethno-Political Analysis)". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2: 186–195 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). Encyclopedia of African Religion. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-3636-1.
- ^ Preston., Blier, Suzanne (1980). Africa's Cross river : art of the Nigerian-Cameroon border redefined. L. Kahan Gallery. OCLC 600695253.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Talbot, P. Amaury (1913). "4. Two Ekoi Stories". Man. 13: 6–8. doi:10.2307/2788493. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2788493.
- ^ Courlander, Harold (1975). A treasury of African folklore : the oral literature, traditions, myths, legends, epics, tales, recollections, wisdom, sayings, and humor of Africa. Marlowe & Co. ISBN 1-56924-536-3. OCLC 1295732989.
- ^ a b Jeffreys, M. D. W. (1939). "Some Notes on the Ekoi". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 69 (1): 95–108. doi:10.2307/2844232. ISSN 0307-3114. JSTOR 2844232.
External links
edit- CHRONOLOGY AND ORAL HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION: THE EXAMPLE OF THE EJAGHAM OF THE CROSS RIVER REGION OF NIGERIA
- Funeral rites of the Ejagham people in Cross River State: An appraisal of Akamkpa Local Government
- Genetic variation reveals large-scale population expansion and migration during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples
- Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Tool for Nation-Building in Pre-Colonial Cross River Region
- A brief walk into the lives of Ibibio people
- PHILOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIAN DIASPORA