Wikipedia

Elections in Jammu and Kashmir

Elections in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir are conducted in accordance with the Constitution of India to elect the representatives of various bodies at national, state and district levels including the 114 seat (90 seats + 24 seats reserved for Pakistan-administered Kashmir) unicameral Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and the Parliament of India.[1][2] The first elections in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir took place between 28 November and 19 December 2020 in the form of by-elections to District Development Councils and municipal and panchayat level bodies.[3][4] A fresh delimitation process for assembly constituencies began in February–March 2020.[1][5]

A voter coming out after casting his vote from a polling booth of Budgam during the 4th Phase of General Election 2009 on 7 May 2009. (The raised finger indicates the indelible ink from voting)
Voters in a queue at a polling booth near Thiksey Monastery in Ladakh, JK, during the 2009 Indian general election

Prior to 2019, the State of Jammu and Kashmir included elections to the Parliament of India, both houses of the bicameral state legislature, and various other local level bodies such as municipalities and Panchayat constituencies. There were 87 assembly constituencies and 6 Lok sabha constituencies (parliamentary constituencies) including those of Ladakh.[6][7]

Legislative assembly elections in the state have been held 11 times since 1951 whereas Parliamentary elections have been held 12 times since 1967. Municipal elections in the state have been held four times since 1947, with the October 2018 elections being the fifth time they were held.[8][9] Before becoming a state, Praja Sabha were held, with the first Praja Sabha election in 1934.[10][11]

Prior to 2019, Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Indian National Congress (INC) have been the dominant political parties in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. But from 1996 onwards the vote share of Bharatiya Janata Party has increased in the parliamentary elections for the state, from 12.45% in 2008 to 23% in 2014.[12]

Comparison between voter turnout trends (in percentages) for the elections to the Lok Sabha (House of the People) of India between 1967 and 2014 for Jammu & Kashmir and India. Jammu & Kashmir has had the lowest voter turnout for any state in India in 6 of the 12 Lok Sabha elections it has been a part of.[13][14][15]

Background

edit

Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir electoral system

edit
See also: 1934 J&K Praja Sabha election
 
Map of Jammu and Kashmir at the end of British Raj (National Geographic,  1946)

In 1932, a Franchise Committee was set up to frame those who would vote as adult suffrage was considered impractical and unfeasible. The committee fixed the minimum voting age at 21 years. For women voters it was decided that those women who had passed middle school or higher could vote, while for males the criteria were broader and included village officials, religious representatives, retired or pensioned officers, lawyers, doctors, schoolmasters etc. were given franchise. Only a state subject would qualify to vote and British Indians were not allowed. In general, the measure of qualification to vote was the possession of property. Those grazing livestock were also enfranchised. For those standing the election the minimum age was 25 years of age and would include only those who were literate in Urdu.[16]

The services of Ivo Elliot, a retired Indian Civil Services officer, were utilized from 1933 onwards. Under him the princely state was delimited, the election method was set up, and the population was made aware of the electoral process. He divided the territory into 33 constituencies. 138 polling stations for rural constituencies were set up, 32 in Srinagar and 6 in Jammu. 76 nominations were received. Coloured box or symbol system as suggested by the Lothian Committee in British India was utilized.[17]

The Praja Sabha (the Legislative Assembly at the time) was to have 75 members, of which 33 would be elected members (for the 33 constituencies), 12 would be officials, and 30 nominated members. (14 members were nominated as it was not possible to conduct elections in some places such as Ladakh and Gilgit due to the territorial expanse; and the remaining 16 would be nominated as State Councilors).[18] In effect, the elected members chosen through the popular vote would be in the minority in the Legislative Assembly.[19]

State of Jammu and Kashmir electoral system

edit
 
There were six Parliamentary Constituencies (Lok Sabha Constituencies) in the state.
 
There were 87 assembly constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir

The Constitution of India gives power to the Election Commission of India to oversee the establishment of the electoral roles as well as organize the elections to both the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council in Jammu and Kashmir.

Delimitation has taken place in the state in 1963, 1973 and 1995. The last delimitation in 1995 was based on the 1981 census.[20] Following the 1995 delimitation the number of seats was increased from 76 to 87 (and an additional 24 seats reserved for areas under Pakistan).[21]

Elections to elect all the 111 members of the Legislative Assembly is based universal adult suffrage from people among the state constituencies. The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) of Jammu and Kashmir has 36 members. Out of these 22 members are elected according to a "system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote", 6 members are elected from among members municipal council, town area committees, notified area committees, Panchayats and other bodies.[22]

Panchayat elections which are held for sarpanch and panch constituencies as part of the Panchayati Raj system in the state are held according to the provisions in the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act 1989.[23][24] The authority to form the 'Panchayat Electoral Rolls' and to the conduct Panchayat elections are given to the Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir.[25] Municipal elections in Jammu and Kashmir are conducted on the basis of the Jammu and Kashmir Municipal Act 2000.[26]

Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir electoral system

edit
 
Chairperson of Delimitation Commission, Retd. Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai along with Union Minister Jitendra Singh at a meeting on the delimitation process of UT of JK, in February 2021.The Chief Election Commissioner, Sushil Chandra and others present.
 
Jammu and Kashmir union territory (J and K) is bordered in carmine colour. Ladakh union territory (L) is bordered in blue colour.

A new delimitation process for the assembly constituencies of the Union Territory began in February–March 2020.[1] The COVID-19 pandemic in India as well as political participation issues delayed the progress.[27] On 24 June 2021, Prime Minister Modi met with political leaders from the region signaling a renewed effort with the delimitation process.[5] The Delimitation Commission is chaired by retired Supreme Court of India Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai. The delimitation is based on the 2011 census of India and is being undertaken as per the amended Delimitation Act, 2002 and the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.[28] There are 280 District Development Council (DDC) seats in the union territory equally divided between the Jammu and Kashmir regions. In each of the 20 districts of the union territory there are 14 constituencies.[29]

Major political parties

edit
See also: List of political parties in J&K (princely state)

This list includes state parties as well as national parties. It also includes political parties which no longer exist:

National parties

edit

State parties of Jammu and Kashmir

edit

Alliances

edit

Other

edit

Lok Sabha elections

edit
See also: List of parliamentary constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has taken part in 12 general elections to the Lok Sabha of India.[33] The first time that Jammu & Kashmir sent elected members to the Lok Sabha was in 1967. Elections were not held in 1990 in Jammu and Kashmir due to insurgency in the region.[citation needed][34]

The table below shows how the Indian National Congress (INC) and Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) have won the most Lok Seats in the state since 1967. JKNC and INC has won the seats 27 times each. The other parties won seats in general elections to the Lok Sabha from Jammu and Kashmir are Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party 4 times, Bharatiya Janata Party 13 times, Janata Dal only 1 time and independent candidates 6 times. After delimitation in 2021, the Anantnag constituency was replaced by the Anantnag-Rajouri constituency.

Key for parties

  JKNC (27)   INC (27)   BJP (13)   Independent (6)   JKPDP (4)   JD (1)

Election Year Winners
Voter turnout (%)[35] Total Baramulla Srinagar Anantnag

/ Anantnag-Rajouri

Ladakh Udhampur Jammu
Elections in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
1967 INC: 5, JKNC: 1,[36] INC JKNC INC INC INC INC
1971 INC: 5, Independent: 1 INC IND INC INC INC INC
1977 JKNC: 3, INC: 1, IND: 1 JKNC JKNC INC INC INC IND
1980 JKNC: 3, Congress(I): 1, Congress(U): 1 JKNC JKNC JKNC IND INC(U) INC(I)
1984 JKNC: 3, INC: 3[37] JKNC JKNC JKNC INC INC INC
1989 JKNC: 3, INC: 2, IND: 1[38] JKNC JKNC JKNC IND INC INC
1991 Elections Not Held
1996 INC: 4, BJP: 1, JD: 1[39] INC INC JD INC BJP INC
1998 JKNC: 3, BJP: 2, INC: 1[40] JKNC JKNC INC JKNC BJP BJP
1999 JKNC: 4, BJP: 2[41] JKNC JKNC JKNC JKNC BJP BJP
2004 JKNC: 2, INC: 2, JKPDP: 1, IND: 1[42] JKNC JKNC JKPDP IND INC INC
2009 JKNC: 3, INC: 2, IND: 1[43] JKNC JKNC JKNC IND INC INC
2014 49.72% BJP: 3, PDP: 3 JKPDP JKPDP JKPDP BJP BJP BJP
2019 44.97% BJP: 3, JKNC: 3 JKNC JKNC JKNC BJP BJP BJP
Elections in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir
2024 58.46% BJP: 2, JKNC: 2, IND: 1 IND JKNC JKNC - BJP BJP

Legislative assembly elections

edit
Further information: J&K Legislative Assembly and List of constituencies of the J&K Legislative Assembly

After the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was amended, the name Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir changed into Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.[44][45]

Legislative assembly elections in JK (1972–2024): Seat share
Party Seats won
2024 2014 2008 2002 1996 1987 1983 1977 1972
JKNC 42 15 28 28 57 40 46 47 -
BJP 29 25 11 1 8 2 0 - -
INC 6 12 17 20 7 26 26 11 58
JKPDP 3 28 21 16 - - - - -
CPI(M) 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 -
JKNPP 0 0 3 4 1 0 - - -
IND 7 3 4 13 2 8 2 4 9
JD - - - - 5 - - - -
JP - - - - - - - 13 -
Other parties 2 3 2 3 6 - 1 1 8
Total seats 90 87 87 87 87 76 76 76 75
Ref [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]
Legislative assembly elections in JK (1934—present)
Year Election - Seats Won Remarks
Elections in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir
1934 Praja Sabha election - MC: 16; Liberal Group: 13 The Praja Sabha was to have 75 members, of which 33 would be elected members (for the 33 constituencies), 12 would be officials, and 30 nominated members.[10] Elected members would be in minority in assembly.[19] Sheikh Abdullah's Muslim Conference won all five seats in Srinagar.[54]
1937 Praja Sabha by-election -
1938 Praja Sabha election -
1947 Praja Sabha election -
Year Election Chief Minister (Winning Party/Coalition) Polling %[55] Seats Won Remarks
Elections in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
1951 Constituent Assembly Sheikh Abdullah (JKNC) 1951-1953 (dismissed)
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (JKNC) 1953-1957 		Total: 75; JKNC: 75 Election malpractice, 13 candidates rejected and Praja Parishad boycotts;

all seats unopposed[56]

1957 First Assembly Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (JKNC) 1957-1962 Total: 75; JKNC: 69
PP: 5, HM: 1 		47 seats unopposed[57]
1962 Second Assembly Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (JKNC) 1962-1963
Khwaja Shamsuddin (JKNC) 1963-1964
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (INC) 1964-1972 		Total: 74; JKNC: 68
PP: 3, independents: 3 		33 seats unopposed;
allegations of malpractices[58]
1967 Third Assembly Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (INC) 58.79% Total: 75; INC: 60
 39 seats unopposed;
118 candidates rejected[59]
1972 Fourth Assembly Syed Mir Qasim (INC) 1972-1975
Sheikh Abdullah 1975-1977 		62.17% Total: 75; INC: 58
Jamaat: 5; BJS: 3 		Plebiscite Front banned;
election malpractices[60]
1977 Fifth Assembly Sheikh Abdullah (JKNC) 1977-1982 (death)
Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) 1982-1983 		67.19% Total: 76; JKNC: 47
INC: 11, Janata: 13 		free and fair elections[61]
1983 Sixth Assembly Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) 1983-1984 (dismissed)
Ghulam Mohammad Shah (ANC) 1984-1986
Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) 1986-1987 		73.24% Total: 76; JKNC: 46
INC: 26 		INC engineered split in JKNC;
suppression of protests[62]
1987 Seventh Assembly Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) 1987-1990 (dismissed)
President's rule 1990-1996 		74.88% Total: 76; JKNC: 40, INC: 26
MUF:4; BJP: 2 		blatant rigging[32][63]
1996 Eighth Assembly Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) 53.92% Total: 87; JKNC: 57
INC: 7; BJP: 8; JD: 5; BSP: 4
2002 Ninth Assembly Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (PDP) 2002-2005
Ghulam Nabi Azad (INC) 2005-2008 		43.70% Total: 87; PDP: 16, INC: 20,
JKNC: 28, Panthers: 4
Independents: 13
2008 Tenth Assembly Omar Abdullah (JKNC) 61.16 % Total: 87; JKNC: 28, INC: 17
PDP: 21, BJP: 11
2014 Twelfth Assembly Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (PDP) 2015-2016 (death)
Mehbooba Mufti (PDP) 2016 - June 2018 		65.52 % Total: 87; PDP: 28; BJP: 25
JKNC: 15; INC: 12 		Results announced in December 2014, but new government formed in March 2015, after two months of intense negotiations to form PDP-BJP alliance, with BJP's Nirmal Kumar Singh becoming Deputy CM in the beginning [64][65]
Elections in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir
2024 Thirteenth Assembly Omar Abdullah (JKNC) 63.88 % Total: 90; JKNC: 42, BJP: 29, INC: 6 ,PDP: 3

Municipal elections in Jammu and Kashmir

edit

Municipal elections in Jammu and Kashmir are held for positions to municipal corporations (Urban Local Bodies - ULBs) in the region on the basis of the Jammu and Kashmir Municipal Act 2000. Elections to these positions are based on universal adult franchise in electoral constituencies called wards.[26][66][67][68] Since 1947 municipal elections have been held five times in the state. Before 2018, the last Municipal elections in Jammu and Kashmir were held in 2005.[8][9]

2018 municipal elections

edit

The 2018 local elections were held in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in four phases on 8, 10, 13 and 16 October. Voting was held from 7am to 4pm. The days were declared a public holiday in the region.[69] The total number of wards (electoral constituencies) were 1145 out of which 244 wards (4.7%) were uncontested.[70][71] Out of a total of around 17 lakh electors, the final state voter turnout was 35.1%, that is 5.97 lakh electors voted.[72] Counting was held on 20 October 2018.[73] Major political parties in the state such as Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) and Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP) boycotted the elections.[74]

There was vast difference between voting turnout for the Urban Local Bodies, with Srinagar Municipal Corporation getting a poll percentage of 1.8% as compared to Ramgarh Municipal Committee getting a poll percentage of 82.6% in the third phase of voting.[75] In certain wards such as Baghat Barzulla (Srinagar Municipal Corporation), out of a total of 11486 electors, only 61 votes were placed (0.53% voter turnout).[76] On the other hand, wards such as Partap Garh (Jammu Municipal Corporation), out of 3583 electors, 2372 votes were placed (66.2% voter turnout).[77]

In the Srinagar Municipal Corporation, out of the 74 wards, Independent candidates won 53 seats, Indian National Congress won 16 seats, Bhartiya Janata Party secured 4 seats and 1 ward went vacant ( no votes were cast on that seat ). In the Jammu Municipal Corporation polls, out of the 75 wards, Bhartiya Janata Party secured 43 seats, Independent candidates got 18 seats and Indian National Congress won 14 seats.[78][79] In the Leh municipal committee, Congress won all the 13 seats.[80] BJP for the first time in the electoral history of the state, won 60 seats unopposed, winning at least seven municipal committees in Kashmir valley.[81][82] In Kashmir, 69% of the 598 wards did not require polling.[83][84]

Panchayat elections in Jammu and Kashmir

edit

Jammu and Kashmir Panchayat elections are held in accordance with the provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act 1989.[23][85]

The 2011 the Panchayat elections consisted of 143 blocks, 4130 Sarpanchs and 29719 Panchs. The total electors were 5,068,975 electors out of which over 80%[86] voted in 33,000 polling stations.[87] Before 2011, panchayat elections were held in 2001 after a gap of 23 years.[87]

Year Dates Blocks No of Panchayat

Halqas (Sarpanch)

No. of Panch

Constituencies

No of Electors Remarks
2001 December 2000 to March 2001 - - 10458 - [88]
2011 13 April 2011 to 30 June 2011 143 4130 29719 5068975 [87]
2018 17 November 2018 to 11 December 2018 316 4483 35029 5854208 [89][90]
2020 28 November and 19 December - - 12153 - -

2018 Panchayat elections

edit

In the run-up to the 2018 Panchayat elections, National Conference (NC) and People's Democratic Party (PDP) announced they would boycott the local elections.[91][92] Around 12 panchayat houses were set on fire before the elections.[93]

2020 District Development Councils elections

edit

District Development Council elections the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir took place between 28 November and 19 December along with by-elections for other vacant posts in local bodies.[3][4] A total of 1,475 candidates contested 280 DDC seats;[29] 296 candidates were women.[94] Ballot papers were being used for the elections instead of EVMs.[95] Results were announced on 22 December 2020.[96]

24 seats in legislative assembly not contested

edit

The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir reserved 24 seats in the legislative assembly for areas in Pakistan-administered Kashmir that were not to be contested during elections "until the area of the State under the occupation of Pakistan ceases to be so occupied and the people residing in that area elect their representatives".[21] In 2019, the Government of India retained these provisions during the formation of the Union Territory.[97][2][98]

Administration

edit

Hirdesh Kumar is the current chief electoral officer of Jammu and Kashmir.[99]

Controversies

edit
 
Old City, Srinagar

Election controversies include burning prospective buildings going to be used for elections, such as what happened before the 2018 Panchayat elections in the state.[93] The call to boycott the elections is a common feature among parties in the region, especially the regional parties and separatist groups.[74][100][101] Election rigging has also been a criticism, especially during the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election.[102]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Jammu and Kashmir: Centre begins process of delimitation of Assembly seats". Scroll.in. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b Manhotra, Dinesh (20 February 2020). "Clamour to defreeze Assembly seats 'reserved' for PoJK". Tribune India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b "J&K: First-ever District Development Council elections to be held in eight phases from November 28". Scroll.in. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Jammu and Kashmir DDC polls, panchayat-municipal by-elections notifications issued". The Financial Express. PTI. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b "J&K leaders-Modi meeting Live Updates: Talks with PM ends, Azad says asked for restoration of statehood". The Indian Express. 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. All leaders demanded statehood. To which PM said, the delimitation process should conclude first and then other issues will be addressed. It was a satisfactory meeting. There was complete unanimity for restoring peace in Jammu and Kashmir
  6. ^ Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. "Parliamentary Constituencies". ceojammukashmir.nic.in. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  7. ^ Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Constituency map, http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/JKMaps/JK_AC-combined.pdf, Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir.
  8. ^ a b "Questions in Jammu and Kashmir local polls". The Indian Express. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  9. ^ a b "First municipal elections since 2005; despite boycott by NC, PDP, civic poll dates out". The Indian Express. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  10. ^ a b Dalal, The Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly (1935), p. 144–147.
  11. ^ Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah - A Biography (2016), p. 245, 247.
  12. ^ Livemint (30 December 2014). "Battleground state | Jammu and Kashmir". Livemint. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  13. ^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Reports of General Election to Lok Sabha". eci.nic.in. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  14. ^ Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Election Commission of India, Election Data, Open Government Data Platform India, https://data.gov.in/catalog/election-lok-sabha-house-people. Published under Government Open Data License - India National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy Government of India: https://data.gov.in/government-open-data-license-india
  15. ^ "Government Open Data License - India National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy Government of India". 21 January 2022.
  16. ^ Dalal, The Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly (1935), p. 138–140.
  17. ^ Dalal, The Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly (1935), p. 140–142.
  18. ^ Dalal, The Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly (1935), p. 144.
  19. ^ a b Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah - A Biography (2016), p. 245.
  20. ^ Chopra, Ritika (22 June 2021). "Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir: how, why". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  21. ^ a b Kumar, Vikas (25 September 2020). "Why the Delimitation Exercise in Jammu and Kashmir Calls for Caution". The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  22. ^ National Informatics Centre, Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 1956 Archived 10 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Government of India.
  23. ^ a b "Government of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 And Panchayati Raj Rules, 1996 ( Amended up to April, 2011)" (PDF).
  24. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir ready to hold panchayat polls, waiting for government nod: CEO". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  25. ^ Chief Electoral Officer (2018). Jammu and Kashmir. Local Bodies Elections 2018 Press Note, Panchayat Elections. National Informatics Centre, Jammu and Kashmir.
  26. ^ a b Jammu and Kashmir Municipal Act 2000, https://www.jmcjammu.org/forms/jmcact.pdf
  27. ^ Mohanty, Kenneth Kumar (24 June 2021). "Why delimitation is key for return of statehood in Jammu and Kashmir". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  28. ^ Ministry of Law and Justice (12 January 2021). "Year End Review 2020: Legislative Department. Delimitation of Constituencies in UT of Jammu and Kashmir and certain States in North-East India". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  29. ^ a b "DDC polls: Jammu and Kashmir all set for first election post Article 370 abrogation, reorganisation". The New Indian Express. PTI. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  30. ^ Ahmad, Mukhtar (28 July 1999). "Mufti Mohammad Sayeed floats new regional party in Kashmir". Rediff. Archived from the original on 24 August 2000. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  31. ^ Bose 2003, p. 99.
  32. ^ a b Behera 2007, p. 47.
  33. ^ "Election Commission of India". eci.nic.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  34. ^ Vaganan, Mayil (10 April 2002). "A Survey of Elections in Kashmir". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi.
  35. ^ "Election Results - Full Statistical Reports". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018.
  36. ^ "Lok Sabha Results 1967". Election Commission of India.
  37. ^ "1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  38. ^ "1989 India General (9th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  39. ^ "1996 India General (11th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  40. ^ "1998 India General (12th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  41. ^ "General Elections 1999 - National Summary". eci.nic.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  42. ^ "2004 India General (14th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  43. ^ "2009 India General (15th Lok Sabha) Elections Results". www.elections.in. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  44. ^ "From 1965 to 2009, Omar Abdullah is the eighth chief minister". Hindustan Times. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  45. ^ Mayilvaganan (10 April 2002). "A Survey of Elections in Kashmir". IPCS. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013.
  46. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 2014". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  47. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 2008". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  48. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 2002". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  49. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 1996". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  50. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 1987". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  51. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 1983". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  52. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 1977". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  53. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir 1972". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  54. ^ Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah - A Biography (2016), p. 247.
  55. ^ "Category Jammu & Kashmir". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019.
  56. ^ Bose 2003, pp. 55–57.
  57. ^ Bose 2003, p. 75.
  58. ^ Bose 2003, pp. 77–78.
  59. ^ Bose 2003, p. 85.
  60. ^ Bose 2003, pp. 86–89.
  61. ^ Bose 2003, pp. 89–90.
  62. ^ Bose 2003, pp. 91–93.
  63. ^ Bose 2003, pp. 47–50, 94.
  64. ^ "Agenda for Alliance: Full text of the agreement between PDP and BJP".
  65. ^ "Mehbooba Mufti: Kashmir's first woman chief minister". BBC News. 4 April 2016.
  66. ^ The Jammu and Kashmir Municipal Act, 2000. The Jammu and Kashmir Government Gazette. http://jkhudd.gov.in/pdfs/J&K%20Municipal%20Act%202000-Acts%20and%20Rules.pdf
  67. ^ "Official Website of Jammu Municipal Corporation". www.jmcjammu.org. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  68. ^ "Srinagar Municipal Corporation : Organisational Setup : Official Website of Srinagar Municipal Corporation, J&K". www.smcsite.org. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  69. ^ Press Release, Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. 7 October 2018.
  70. ^ Press Release - Status of Nominations 5th October 2018. Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir.
  71. ^ "Municipal Elections 2018". ceojammukashmir.nic.in. CEO, JK. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  72. ^ "Municipal poll process ends in Jammu and Kashmir with overall 35.1 % turnout". The Economic Times. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  73. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir municipal elections to be held from Oct 8-16, results on Oct 20". Hindustan Times. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  74. ^ a b "Despite boycott, Kashmir all set for municipal polls". The Economic Times. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  75. ^ Press Release dated 15 October 2018. Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir.
  76. ^ Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. Final Result Sheet, Baghat Barzulla, Srinagar Municipal Corporation. Election Department, Jammu and Kashmir.
  77. ^ Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. Final Result Sheet, Partap Garh, Jammu Municipal Corporation. Election Department, Jammu and Kashmir.
  78. ^ "Jammu Kashmir Municipal Election results: BJP sweeps in 4 districts of S Kashmir". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  79. ^ "J&K municipal polls HIGHLIGHTS: BJP sweeps Jammu, Independents win majority of seats in Srinagar". The Indian Express. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  80. ^ "Jammu And Kashmir Local Polls: BJP Fails To Win A Single Seat In Ladakh". NDTV.com. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  81. ^ "BJP wins 60 seats unopposed in volatile Kashmir; party likely to control at least 7 ULBs as NC, PDP boytcott elections". Firstpost. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  82. ^ Ashiq, Peerzada (2 October 2018). "BJP bags 60 wards unopposed in J&K urban local body election". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  83. ^ "69% Of 598 Wards Did Not Require Polling In Kashmir Local Body Elections". NDTV.com. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  84. ^ "J-K civic elections: 69% of 598 wards in Kashmir Valley did not witness polling". Hindustan Times. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  85. ^ Department of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj. Panchayati Raj Act 1989 (Amended up to October 2018). Government of Jammu and Kashmir.
  86. ^ Sahai, Dhananjay. "The politics of elections in Kashmir | ORF". ORF. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  87. ^ a b c "J&K Panchayat Elections to Start from April 13". Outlook India. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  88. ^ "Kashmir's quest for local democracy". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 September 2002. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  89. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir panchayat elections to be held in nine phases from 17 November to 11 December - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  90. ^ Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. Detailed Schedule of Panchayat Elections in Jammu and Kashmir 2018, Press Note. National Informatics Centre.
  91. ^ "Kashmir polls: Chance for BJP to fill vacuum as NC, PDP boycott but terror threats may deter mass participation - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  92. ^ "NC, PDP call for boycott of local bodies polls over Article 35-A: All you need to know". The Indian Express. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  93. ^ a b "Jammu and Kashmir local body polls, Part IV: Miscreants set panchayat offices on fire to 'warn' contestants, voters - Firstpost". Firstpost. 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  94. ^ Iqbal, Naveed (28 November 2020). "J&K polls begin today, women stand for hope in Anantnag". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  95. ^ Sharma, Arun (28 November 2020). "J&K DDC polls: 296 candidates' fate to be decided today". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  96. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir DDC Election Results 2020 Live Updates: Gupkar alliance makes big gains; BJP wins two seats in Kashmir". The Indian Express. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  97. ^ Tripathi, Rahul (7 August 2019). "J&K Assembly to continue to have 24 seats from PoK". The Economic Times. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  98. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir BJP bats for grant of reserved seats to people displaced from PoK". The New Indian Express. PTI. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  99. ^ "Hirdesh Kumar appointed new J&K chief electoral officer". The Times of India. PTI. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  100. ^ "Boycott by major parties, violence cast a shadow over Jammu and Kashmir local body polls". The Economic Times. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  101. ^ AP (25 November 2014). "Thousands vote in Kashmir state elections amid boycott call". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  102. ^ "One election that wasn't rigged". The Economist. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

Bibliography

edit

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&oldid=1257120826"
  NODES
admin 4
Note 3