Æthelbert[a] (died 8 November 780) was an eighth-century scholar, teacher, and Archbishop of York. Related to his predecessor at York, he became a monk at an early age and was in charge of the cathedral's library and school before becoming archbishop. He taught a number of missionaries and scholars, including Alcuin, at the school. While archbishop, Æthelbert sent missionaries to the Continent. Æthelbert retired before his death, and during his retirement consecrated another church in York.
Æthelbert | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of York | |
| Appointed | 766 |
| Term ended | 8 November 780 |
| Predecessor | Ecgbert |
| Successor | Eanbald I |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 24 April 767 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 8 November 780 |
Early life
editÆthelbert was the teacher and intimate friend of Alcuin, whose poem on the saints and prelates of the Church of York, Versus de Patribus Regibus et de Sanctis et Pontificibus Ecclesiæ Eboracensis, is the principal source of information concerning Æthelbert's life.[3] He was a kinsman of his predecessor Ecgbert, who was brother to Eadberht, King of Northumbria.[6] Æthelbert's family placed him in a monastery as a young child,[3] where he was a pupil in the school founded at York by Ecgbert. Ecgbert ordained Æthelbert as a priest put him in charge of the school.[6]
Æthelbert was instrumental in forming a library at York,[7] which was probably the largest contemporary collection of books to be found in Europe outside of Rome. Alcuin mentions several Latin and Greek classical authors, as well as the Fathers and other Christian writers that formed the 8th century canon. Æthelbert, in his search for books, travelled far, and we know that he visited Rome among other places.[6] Alcuin's poem Versus lists 41 different authors, including some who wrote in Hebrew.[8] He taught both the trivium as well as the quadrivium, plus how to figure the dates of church festivals and natural science.[3]
Archbishop
editIn 766 Æthelbert succeeded Ecgbert as archbishop; he was consecrated 24 April 767,[1] the feast day of his predecessor Wilfrid. This may have been deliberate and a sign that Æthelbert wished to revive Wilfrid's ambitions for the archiepiscopal see. Æthelbert received his pallium from Pope Adrian I in 773.[3] Alcuin was appointed head of the cathedral school after Æthelbert became archbishop.[5] Much of Alcuin's description of Æthelbert's time as archbishop has the flavour of a panegyric, as Alcuin praised Æthelbert as a model bishop suitable for other bishops to use as a role model.[3] Alcuin praised Æthelbert and his predecessor Ecgbert for adorning various churches of York and for giving splendid ornaments to York Minster.[9]
Æthelbert also commissioned Eanbald and Alcuin the job of overseeing the construction of a new church in York, the basilica of Alma Sophia, the Church of Holy Wisdom.[10] It was possibly modelled on the Frankish royal chapel of Aachen, or the rotunda of San Vitale in Ravenna. According to Alcuin, Alma Sophia was lofty, supported by many columns and arches, with inlaid ceilings and glazed windows. The core church was surrounded by chapels and galleries, and it boasted thirty altars. Alma Sophia was never mentioned again in written records, and no remains have ever been found. Academic debate is split on whether it was next door to the pre-Norman Conquest cathedral, or whether it was elsewhere in the city, perhaps across the river Ouse: possible sites include Bishopshill, or Holy Trinity, Micklegate.[11][12]
Æthelbert sent out missionaries to the pagans of Northern Europe, among them Alubert and Liudger, who went to northern Germany.[13] Liudger had earlier been a pupil at the school in York, and went on to become the first Bishop of Munster.[14] Æthelbert was the recipient of letters from one of the missionaries – Lull, the Archbishop of Mainz,[15] assuming that Lull's correspondent "Coena", who is an archbishop and who was being asked for the works of Bede, is actually Æthelbert,[3] as most historians seem convinced of.[3][15][b] Books were sent to the missionaries from the York library.[2][c]
In 774, Æthelbert called a council which deposed Alhred the King of Northumbria and sent the ex-king north into exile with the Picts. The cause of the deposition may have been related to missionary work.[16] The historian D. P. Kirby feels that Æthelbert was not a supporter of Alhred prior to his deposition. Alhred was replaced with Æthelred, who was replaced in 778 by Ælfwald, the son of Oswulf. Kirby sees Æthelbert's withdrawal of support as instrumental in the deposition of Æthelred, noting that Ælfwald was closely related to Æthelbert, unlike both Alhred and Æthelred.[4] Kirby also notes that medieval chroniclers noted that Æthelbert is said to have not "spared evil kings".[17]
Retirement and death
editÆthelbert retired some time before his death, consecrating Eanbald as his successor.[18] The exact date this occurred is unclear. Alcuin gives a date corresponding to July 778, but it could be 777 too. Eanbald's position may have just been as an associate bishop, with Æthelbert remaining in office until his death while sharing the office with Eanbald.[3] He lived long enough to consecrate the new church of Alma Sophia, ten days before his death on 8 November.[1][19][20]
See also
editNotes
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 224
- ^ a b c Barr "Minster Library" History of York Minster pp. 488–489
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rollason "Ælberht" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 127–129
- ^ a b Levinson England and the Continent p. 153
- ^ a b c Duckett Alcuin pp. 19–22
- ^ Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 152
- ^ Hill and Brooke "From 627 until the Early Thirteenth Century" History of York Minster p. 10
- ^ Palliser, D. M., ed. (2014). "One York or Several? The city resettled". Medieval York: 600-1540. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-925584-9. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Duckett Alcuin p. 27
- ^ Palliser, D. M., ed. (2014). "One York or Several? The city resettled". Medieval York: 600-1540. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-19-925584-9. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Alcuin: His Life and Legacy. James Clarke & Company Limited. 29 November 2012. ISBN 978-0-227-90083-3.
- ^ Duckett Alcuin p. 31
- ^ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 189
- ^ a b Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 174
- ^ Ashely Mammoth Book of British Kings & Queens pp. 291–292
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 128
- ^ Duckett Alcuin p. 32
- ^ Duckett Alcuin p. 34
- ^ Alcuin: His Life and Legacy. James Clarke & Company Limited. 29 November 2012. ISBN 978-0-227-90083-3.
References
edit- Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings & Queens. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-0692-9.
- Barr, C. B. L. (29 January 1977). "The Minster Library". In Aylmer, G. E.; Cant, Reginald (eds.). A History of York Minster. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 487–539. ISBN 0-19-817199-4.
- Duckett, Eleanor Shipley (1951). Alcuin, Friend of Charlemagne: His World and His Work. New York: MacMillan. OCLC 1010576.
- Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- Gee, Eric A. (29 January 1977). "Architectural History until 1290". In Aylmer, G. E.; Cant, Reginald (eds.). A History of York Minster. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 110–148. ISBN 0-19-817199-4.
- Hill, Rosalind M. T.; Brooke, Christopher N. L. (29 January 1977). "From 627 until the Early Thirteenth Century". In Aylmer, G. E.; Cant, Reginald (eds.). A History of York Minster. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–43. ISBN 0-19-817199-4.
- Hindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-1738-5.
- Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.
- Kirby, D. P. (1967). The Making of Early England (Reprint ed.). New York: Schocken Books. OCLC 399516.
- Levison, Wilhelm (1973) [1946]. England and the Continent in the Eighth Century (Reprint ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821232-1.
- Rollason, David (2004). "Ælberht (d. 779/80)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49425. Retrieved 9 November 2007.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
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