The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Evaņģēliski luteriskā baznīca, or LELB) is a Lutheran Protestant church in Latvia. Latvia's Lutheran heritage dates back to the Reformation. Both the Nazi and communist regimes persecuted the church harshly before religious freedom returned to Latvia in 1988. In contrast to Estonia, where state atheism reduced the once 80% Lutheran majority to barely 10% by 2011, the Latvian Lutheran church saw its membership drop to around 20% but has recovered and now includes approximately 30% of the population. The church reports having 250,000 members according to the Lutheran World Federation.[1]
| Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Classification | Christian |
| Orientation | Protestant |
| Scripture | Bible |
| Theology | High church Lutheranism Confessional Lutheranism |
| Polity | Episcopal |
| Primate | Jānis Vanags, Archbishop of Riga |
| Altar and pulpit fellowship | Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod |
| Associations | |
| Region | Latvia |
| Origin | 1517 |
| Separated from | Catholic Church |
| Congregations | 293 |
| Members | 250,000 |
| Official website | http://www.lelb.lv/ |
History
editThe Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia sees itself as being in a continuous tradition of Christian life since the earliest recorded Christian missionary work in the area, in the 12th century.[2] Latvia was highly influenced by the Reformation and the style of Lutheran church which emerged followed the more Protestant German-type Lutheranism, rather than the episcopal or Nordic-type Lutheranism that emerged in Sweden, Denmark, Estonia and Finland. However, following the establishment of the Republic of Latvia (1918) the church moved towards a more historical catholic polity, and accepted consecration of bishops by the Church of Sweden. Along with the Church of Sweden, the ELCL now claims full apostolic succession. In 1975 the church, despite heavy opposition, decided to ordain women as pastors,[citation needed] but since 1993, under the leadership of Archbishop Jānis Vanags, it no longer does so. This position was confirmed in 2016 by a synodical resolution that only men may be ordained as priests. The resolution required a supermajority of at least 75% to pass, which it achieved with a 77% vote in favor.[3]
Since the fall of communism, the church has experienced massive growth and expansion. A special Synod in April 1989, following the return to post-communist independence, established a network of revived congregations, and put in place an almost entirely new leadership.[4]
Structure
editThe Church is episcopal and synodical. This means that it is led by a Council of Bishops and governed by a Synod composed of clergy and laity. The Synod elects a Consistory which has a smaller membership and meets more frequently, to carry on the work of Synod between its formal meetings.[5]
The Church is composed of three dioceses:
| Diocese | Cathedral | Founded | Current bishop |
|---|---|---|---|
| Archdiocese of Riga | Riga Cathedral | 1186 | Jānis Vanags (Primate of Latvia) |
| Diocese of Liepāja | Holy Trinity Cathedral, Liepāja | Hanss Martins Jönsson | |
| Diocese of Daugavpils | Martin Luther Cathedral, Daugavpils | Einārs Alpe |
Within each diocese there are, in addition to the bishop, a number of senior clergy known as Deans. One is Dean of the Cathedral, and the others serve as Area Deans supervising clergy within a defined district. There are 16 such Deaneries within Latvia.[6] The church does not have the historic three-fold ministry of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons. In the place of Deacon is the ministry of Evangelist who work in programmes of social care and outreach.
Archbishop of Riga
editThe Archbishop serves as the president of the Council of Bishops, the Synod, and the Consistory. Following the death of Archbishop Kārlis Gailītis in 1992, a special Synod was convened in 1993 to elect a new Archbishop of Riga. Archbishop Jānis Vanags was elected and duly consecrated on 29 August 1993, by Henrik Svenungsson, the Bishop of Stockholm. Like all Bishops of the ELCL he will serve until he dies, or chooses to retire.
List of Archbishops of Riga
editThe medieval archbishops are listed at Archbishopric of Riga.
The following is a list of office holders since the restoration of the office.[7] The first, Kārlis Irbe, was bishop in charge; the others have all been titled Archbishop of Riga.
- 1922 - 1933 - Kārlis Irbe
- 1933 - 1944 - Teodors Grīnbergs
- 1948 - 1968 - Gustavs Tūrs
- 1968 election - Pēteris Kleperis (elected archbishop, but died before his enthronement date)
- 1968 election - Alberts Freijs (elected archbishop, but died before his enthronement date)
- 1969 - 1985 - Jānis Matulis
- 1986 - 1989 - Ēriks Mesters
- 1989 - 1992 - Kārlis Gailītis (Archbishop Gailītis was killed in a car accident)
- 1993 - present - Jānis Vanags
Theology
editThe Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia is known for its theological conservatism and since Jānis Vanags' consecration as archbishop in 1993, it has opposed women's ordination. The highest governing body of the church amended the church rules in 2016. The proposal that only men may be ordained required a supermajority of 75%, which it has achieved with a 77% voting in favour.[3] The decision received criticism from the Protestant Church in Germany, the Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria and the Association of Protestant Churches in Europe (GEKE); however, ELCL is not part of GEKE and has broken communion with both the German and Austrian Churches due to theological differences.[8]
The church disapproves of active homosexuality and rejects same-sex unions. The church is also opposed to abortion and euthanasia.
Statistics
editThe Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia reports that there are 136 pastors and 86 evangelists serving its 300 congregations. In 2013, the estimated baptized membership was 250,000.[9] In comparison, the independent Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church Abroad has 25,020 baptized members.[10][11][clarification needed]
Affiliations
editThe ELCL is a member of the Lutheran World Federation, the World Council of Churches, the Conference of European Churches, and the International Lutheran Council.[12][13]
The ELCL is not in full church fellowship with those LWF member church bodies who practise ordinations and marriages of homosexuals, looking on LWF more as a forum of discussions for Lutherans. It holds observer status in the Porvoo Communion, which unites episcopal Lutheran churches and Anglican churches in northern Europe.
ELCL is in full fellowship with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), of the United States.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Latvia | The Lutheran World Federation". www.lutheranworld.org. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ See the church's own history pages.
- ^ a b "Latvian Lutheran church officially bans women's ordination". baltictimes.com. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
- ^ See the report of the World Council of Churches Archived 2013-02-08 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ See details here.
- ^ List (in Latvian) of Dioceses and Deaneries.
- ^ See the Archbishops' page of the official website of Riga Cathedral Archived 2018-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Pongratz-Lippitt, Christa (10 June 2016). "Latvian Lutheran Church rules that women cannot be ordained priests". National Catholic Reporter.
- ^ The Lutheran World Federation – 2013 Membership Figures Lutheran World
- ^ "Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church Worldwide (LELCW)". The Lutheran World Federation. 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ "Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church Abroad". World Council of Churches. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ Block, Mathew (2022-09-26). "The ILC's 2022 World Conference in brief". International Lutheran Council. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
- ^ "Latvia". International Lutheran Council. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
