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Ezra 3

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Ezra 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,[1] or the book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book.[2] Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra–Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles,[3] but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books.[4] The section comprising chapter 1 to 6 describes the history before the arrival of Ezra in the land of Judah [5][6] in 468 BCE.[7] This chapter focuses on the people's worship and culminates in the project to rebuild the temple's foundations.[8]

Ezra 3
"They set the priests in their apparel with trumpets ... to praise the Lord".—Ezra 3:10. In: The Art Bible, comprising the Old and New Testaments: with numerous illustrations (1896)
BookBook of Ezra
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part15

Text

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The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 13 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[9][a]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century).[11][b]

An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 5:47-65 is an equivalent of Ezra 3 (Feast of Tabernacles).[15][16]

The Altar (3:1–6)

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Before reestablishing legitimate worship at the temple, which still needed to be rebuilt, the people repaired the altar and performed the sacrifices according to the Torah.[17]

Verse 1

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And when the seventh month was come, and the children of Israel were in the cities, the people gathered themselves together as one man to Jerusalem.[18]

"The seventh month", Tishrei, follows the liturgical calendar of Israel (cf. Exodus 12; 23; Leviticus 23; Numbers 28–29; Deuteronomy 16, which begins in the first month when the Passover is celebrated.[8] Three central feasts are celebrated in the seventh month, making it the “preeminent month” in the calendar.[8] The seventh month of the first year of the return of the exiles corresponds to September/October 537 BC.[19]

Verse 2

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Then Jeshua the son of Jozadak and his brethren the priests, and Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel and his brethren, arose and built the altar of the God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings on it, as it is written in the Law of Moses the man of God.[20]

Verse 3

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Though fear had come upon them because of the people of those countries, they set the altar on its bases; and they offered burnt offerings on it to the Lord, both the morning and evening burnt offerings.[24]

The morning and evening burnt offerings are those prescribed in Exodus 29:38 and Numbers 28:3–8.[25]

The Temple (3:7–13)

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Old Jaffa (Joppa); Hebrew: יָפוֹ) is the southern, oldest part of Tel Aviv-Jaffa (since 1950), an ancient port city in Israel, functioned as the port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for Solomon's Temple, and the Second Temple of Jerusalem (Ezra 3:7).

After reintroduced worship at the former site of altar (in Solomon's Temple), the building of a new temple is initiated.[26] Both the building of the altar and the foundation of the temple showed similarities to the first temple, such as the importation of cedars from Lebanon (2 Chronicles 2:16) and the start of the project in the second month (which could be the appropriate time in early spring; cf. 1 Kings 6:1).[27] When the foundation of temple was laid, the people responded in different ways: the older ones who had seen the first temple wept loudly, while the younger ones gave a great shout of praise to God.[28]

Verse 7

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They gave money to the masons and carpenters, and food, drink, and oil to the people of Sidon and to the people of Tyre so that they would bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea, at Joppa, according to the grant they had from Cyrus king of Persia.[29]

The laborers and materials for the temple came from Sidon and Tyre in Lebanon, closely repeating those of the Solomon's temple (1 Kings 5:8–9; 1 Chronicles 22:4).[30]

Verse 10

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And when the builders laid the foundation of the temple of the Lord, they set the priests in their apparel with trumpets, and the Levites the sons of Asaph with cymbals, to praise the Lord, after the ordinance of David king of Israel.[31]

Verse 11

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And they sang responsively, praising and giving thanks to the Lord:
"For He is good,
For His mercy endures forever toward Israel."
Then all the people shouted with a great shout, when they praised the Lord, because the foundation of the house of the Lord was laid.[35]

The same song was sung at the dedication of the first temple (Solomon's temple) over four centuries earlier (2 Chronicles 7:3).[36]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing the whole book of Ezra–Nehemiah.[10]
  2. ^ The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains Ezra 9:9–10:44.[12][13][14]

References

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  1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 232.
  2. ^ Grabbe 2003, p. 313.
  3. ^ Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2
  4. ^ Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4.
  5. ^ a b c Grabbe 2003, p. 314.
  6. ^ Fensham 1982, p. 4.
  7. ^ Davies, G. I., Introduction to the Pentateuch in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 19
  8. ^ a b c Levering 2007, p. 51.
  9. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
  10. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  11. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  12. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
  13. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130.
  14. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  15. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras
  16. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras
  17. ^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 32.
  18. ^ Ezra 3:1 KJV
  19. ^ McConville 1985, p. 19.
  20. ^ Ezra 3:2 NKJV
  21. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 3:2 in NKJV
  22. ^ Notes [b] on Ezra 3:2 in NKJV
  23. ^ McConville 1985, p. 14.
  24. ^ Ezra 3:3
  25. ^ Ryle, H. E. (1902), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Ezra 3, accessed 19 June 2020
  26. ^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 34.
  27. ^ McConville 1985, p. 22.
  28. ^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 35.
  29. ^ Ezra 3:7 MEV
  30. ^ Levering 2007, p. 55.
  31. ^ Ezra 3:10 KJV
  32. ^ Note [a] on Ezra 3:10 in NKJV
  33. ^ Note [b] on Ezra 3:10 in NKJV
  34. ^ Hebrew Text Analysis: Ezra 3:10. Biblehub
  35. ^ Ezra 3:11 NKJV
  36. ^ McConville 1985, p. 20.

Sources

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