The SY (Chinese: 上游; pinyin: Shàngyóu; lit. 'Upstream'), and HY (Chinese: 海鹰; pinyin: Hǎiyīng; lit. 'Sea Eagle') series were early anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM) developed by the People's Republic of China from the Soviet P-15 Termit missile. They entered service in the late 1960s[2] and remained the main ASCMs deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy through the 1980s. The missiles were used by the PRC and export customers to develop land-attack missiles.[3]
| SY/HY missiles | |
|---|---|
 SY-1 missile | |
| Type | Anti-ship cruise missile |
| Place of origin | China |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | |
The name Silkworm is popularly used for the entire SY and HY family. As a NATO reporting name, it applies only to the land-based variant of the HY-1.[4]
Development
edit
Chinese preparations were underway before receiving the first P-15s and related technical data from the Soviets in 1959. On 8 October 1956, the Fifth Academy was founded - with Qian Xuesen as director - to pursue missile development. In March 1958 a cruise missile test site was selected at Liaoxi in Liaoning.[2]
In November 1960, the first successful missile test was conducted after the withdrawal of Soviet advisors in September, due to the Sino-Soviet split. The P-15 was copied to become the SY-1. In October 1963, production started at the Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Company. In 1965, the first successful test occurred. In August 1967, production was approved. The SY-1 entered service by the end of the decade.[2]
The SY-1 was developed into the improved HY-1. In December 1968, the HY-1 was successfully tested, and entered service in 1974.[5]
Operational history
editIran–Iraq War
editThe Silkworm gained fame in the 1980s when it was used by both sides in the Iran–Iraq War. Both countries were supplied by China. In 1987, Iran launched a number of Silkworm missiles from the Faw Peninsula, striking the American-owned, Liberian-flagged tanker Sungari and the U.S.-flagged tanker Sea Isle City in October 1987.[6] Five other missiles struck areas in Kuwait earlier in the year.[7]
In October 1987, Kuwait's Sea Island offshore oil terminal was hit by an Iranian Silkworm, which was observed to have originated from the Faw peninsula. The attack prompted Kuwait to deploy a Hawk missile battery on Failaka Island to protect the terminal.[8] In December 1987, another Iranian Silkworm was fired at the terminal, but it struck a decoy barge instead.[9]
Prior to these attacks the missile's range was thought to be less than 80 kilometres (50 mi), but these attacks proved that the range exceeded 100 kilometres (62 mi) with Kuwaiti military observers seeing that the missiles originated from the area and tracking them on radar along with US satellite imagery of the launch sites.[10]
Persian Gulf War
editOn February 25, 1991 during Operation Desert Storm, a shore-based Iraqi launcher fired two Silkworm missiles at the USS Missouri which was in company with the USS Jarrett and HMS Gloucester. A Sea Dart missile from HMS Gloucester shot down one Silkworm and the other missed, crashing into the ocean.[11] Royal Air Force officers subsequently recovered an HY-2 missile at Umm Qasr in southern Iraq. It is currently displayed at the RAF Museum Cosford.[12]
Iraq War
editDuring the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Iraq used the Silkworm (HY-2 Seersucker) as a surface to surface missile, by firing at least two of them at the coalition positions in Kuwait.[13]
Variants
editSY series
edit- SY-1
- License produced version of the P-15 Termit.[2] NATO reporting name CSS-N-1 Scrubbrush.[1]
- SY-2[1]
- NATO reporting names CSS-N-5 Sabot. The SY-2 is a significant redesign of the SY-1 missile and is no longer a copy of the P-15. The missile has a longer airframe and is powered by a solid propellant rocket motor, instead of the liquid propellant design from the Styx. The SY-2 eventually replaced the SY-1 (P-15) on many PLA Navy warships.[14]
- SY-2A
- An improved SY-2 with a longer range.[14]
- FL-2
- The export version of the SY-2.[14]
HY series
edit- HY-1
- NATO reporting names CSS-N-2 Safflower (ship-based) and CSSC-2 Silkworm (land-based.)[1]
- HY-2
- NATO reporting names CSS-N-3 Seersucker (ship-based) and CSSC-3 Seersucker (land-based.)[1]
- HY-3
- Unsuccessful supersonic variant.[15]
- HY-4
- Powered by a WP-11 turbojet, a reverse-engineered Teledyne-Ryan J69-T-41A.[16] Used for LACM development.[17] NATO reporting name Sadsack.[18]
- HY-41
- An improved HY-4.[19]
- C-201
- An export version of the HY-2.[15]
- C-301
- An export version of the HY-3.[20]
- C-201W
- An export version of the HY-4.[15]
- XM-41
- An export version of the HY-41.[19]
Further development
edit- YJ-6
- Anti-ship missile developed from the HY-2.
- YJ-63
- Air-launched LACM sharing visual characteristics of the HY-2, HY-4, and YJ-6. 200 km range.[16]
- AG-1
- Longer-ranged variant of the HY-2 developed by North Korea.[21]
Operators
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 113.
- ^ a b c d Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 9.
- ^ Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 28.
- ^ Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 135.
- ^ Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, pp. 9–10.
- ^ "U.S. Flag Tanker Struck by Missile in Kuwaiti Waters; First Direct Raid". The New York Times. October 17, 1987.
- ^ "The Gulf Punch, Counterpunch". Time.
- ^ "The Gulf Punch, Counterpunch". Time.
- ^ "Iranian Silkworm strikes decoy barge"; Daniel J. Silva. St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Fla.: December 8, 1987. p. 14.A.
- ^ Counter-memorial and Counter-claim submitted by the United States of America Archived 2014-03-31 at the Wayback Machine. June 23, 1997.
- ^ Rostker, Bernard (December 2000). "TAB H – Friendly-fire Incidents". Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ "Hai Ying 2G Seersucker". RAF Museum. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "Center for Defense Information". Project On Government Oversight. Archived from the original on December 23, 2003.
- ^ a b c "HAIC SY-2/SY-2A/FL-2 / CSS-N-5 Sabot". ausairpower.net.
- ^ a b c Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014a, p. 102.
- ^ a b Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 29.
- ^ Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 27.
- ^ Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 84.
- ^ a b "CHETA C-201W / HY-4/HY-4A/G / HY-41 / CSS-C-7 Sadsack". ausairpower.net.
- ^ Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014a, p. 105.
- ^ "KN-01 (Silkworm/Styx)". Missile Threat. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
Sources
edit- Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014a). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University.
- Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (2014b). A Low-Visibility Force Multiplier: Assessing China's Cruise Missile Ambitions (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
External links
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