Five thousand years of Chinese civilization (or 5000 years of Chinese history[1]) is an expression or assertion widely circulated since the late Qing dynasty that China has five thousand years of history or civilization. First disseminated by European missionaries in the 17th century, the expression is commonly found especially in the Chinese-speaking world by the early 20th century to show that China has a long-lasting history, although it is sometimes used by the governments and media as an instrument of Chinese nationalism.[2] Even though the archaeological evidence for China's ancient history is not yet sufficient, the belief that the history of China is at least 5,000 years old, and that China is one of the Four Great Ancient Civilizations, is deeply ingrained in popular culture.[3]
| Five thousand years of Chinese civilization | |||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 中華文明五千年 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华文明五千年 | ||||||||||
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Basis
editThe Xia dynasty was the first hereditary dynasty of China to rule the Central Plains as recorded in traditional Chinese history books. According to the conclusion of the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project commissioned by China, the Xia dynasty began around 2070 BC. At the same time, most ancient Chinese documents placed the beginning of Chinese history in the era of the Five Emperors, and the Yellow Emperor, as the first of the five emperors, was nearly a thousand years before the Xia dynasty. According to the Records of Emperors and Kings written by Huangfu Mi of the Jin dynasty, it is believed that there were five emperors before Emperor Yao, which lasted 341 years in total, and the first year of the Yellow Emperor should be 2698 BC. According to this calculation, Chinese civilization has a history of nearly 5,000 years since the time of the Yellow Emperor. In addition, some scholars believe that before the Yellow Emperor, there was another era of a tribal leader named Yan Emperor, which became the beginning of Chinese civilization in the Chinese public consciousness (see Yan Huang Zisun). In this way, whether it began with the Yellow Emperor or the Yan Emperor before it, "five thousand years of Chinese civilization" gradually became a conventional narrative among Chinese people,[4] implying that the Chinese civilization can be traced as an unbroken thread five thousands of years into the past.
Origin and usage
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According to research, the first people to put forward the idea of a 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization were Jesuit missionaries in the early Qing dynasty. Around 1650s, during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, Italian missionary Martino Martini was the first person to systematically introduce Chinese geography, culture, history and language to Europe. In his book Sinicæ Historiæ Decas Prima, he covered a wide range of Chinese subjects and was the first person to put forward the concept of five thousand years of Chinese history.[5]
By the late Qing dynasty, the concept of "5,000 years of Chinese culture" had been officially recognized and promoted by the Qing government. For example, the Chinese history textbook "Chinese History of the Present Dynasty" as approved by the Board of Education of the late Qing dynasty began with the statement "China was founded 5,000 years ago and has the longest history in the world. And its culture is the best among all the Eastern countries since ancient times...".[6][7] Similarly, the "China" section of the trilingual textbook Manchu–Mongolian–Chinese Interlinear Trilingual Textbook published in 1909 during the late Qing dynasty also stated in three languages that "Our country China is located in the east of Asia, with mild climate, vast land and numerous people. Its culture was developed five thousand years ago, and it is the most famous ancient country on the earth...".[8][9]
When Sun Yat-sen took office as the provisional President of the Republic of China in early 1912, following the 1911 Revolution, he sent delegated powers to all provinces, "taking the year 4609 of the Yellow Emperor as the first year of the Republic of China", which was the first time in Chinese history that the "five thousand year history" theory was publicly acknowledged by a head of state of China. During this period, there was also a fever for the Yellow Emperor worship in China.[10][11]
Since then, the concept of "five thousand years of Chinese civilization" has become more popular. Similar expressions such as "5000 years of Chinese history" have also emerged and become popular in China, including the People's Republic of China period. For example, the popular history books on Chinese history compiled by mainland Chinese writers Lin Handa and Cao Yuzhang were published under the title of "Five Thousand Years Up and Down".[5]
In his political discourse, Xi Jinping often highlights China's five thousand years of civilization.[12]: 33 Xi frequently cites ancient historical examples in his political discourses, encouraging the Chinese people to develop "historical self-confidence" based on their "splendid civilization".[12]: 32–33
Criticism
editAlthough "five thousand years of Chinese civilization" has become a common expression or narrative both inside and outside China, especially among Chinese people, the concept is not universally accepted by scholars, especially in the Western academic world. According to most Western scholars, the recorded history of China is less than 4,000 years old, instead of being recognized as 5,000 years old. Although there are many records about the Xia dynasty in traditional Chinese literature, since they were written relatively late and no recognized direct evidence of the existence of the Xia dynasty has been found so far, such as the writings of the same period of the Xia dynasty as self-evidence, many people in modern history circle question the existence of the Xia dynasty and regard it as a period of Chinese mythology rather than a period of recorded history. If counting from the following Shang dynasty which has been universally recognized by historians, China has only about 3,700 years of recorded history, which is still a big gap from 5,000 years.[13][14]
At the same time, some archaeologists and scholars view that China's civilization perhaps might well be more than 5,000 years old. For example, about 8,000 years ago, in the fertile valleys of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, there rose many well-ordered Neolithic farming cultures and societies and there was a certain degree of social differentiation in many parts of China, such as the North China Plain, which produced relatively advanced and complex ideas and knowledge systems. At the same time, the culture of most areas of China had been integrated and connected into an embryonic "early cultural circle". Therefore, 8,000 years ago there might already be the first step towards an origin of a Chinese civilization.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kenneth James Hammond (2004). From Yao to Mao: 5000 Years of Chinese History. Teaching Company Limited Partnership. ISBN 9781565858695.
- ^ "5,000 Years of History". Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ Liu & He 2023, p. v.
- ^ "为什么说"中华文明五千年"？". Retrieved 2024-06-19.
- ^ a b "很遗憾，第一个明确提出"中华五千年文明史"的，并不是中国人". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "清朝时期"中国"作为国家名称从传统到现代的发展". Retrieved 2024-06-19.
- ^ "中國歷史教科書（原名本朝史講義）第1页". Retrieved 2024-06-19.
- ^ 榮德 (1908). 满蒙漢三文合璧教科书. pp. 39–41.
- ^ "元朝和清朝是不是中国朝代？元清非中国历史的言论是哪来的？". Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ Strand, David (2011). An Unfinished Republic. University of California Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780520948747.
- ^ "徐宏：中国历史是五千年吗？". Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ a b Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2024). "What Did the CCP Learn from the Past?". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
- ^ "易中天称中华文明只有3700年，5000年文明不能再讲，他的话可信吗". Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ "China's Five-Thousand Year History: Myth or Reality?". Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ "中华文明的起源、形成及其长存之道". Retrieved 2024-06-19.
Sources
edit- Liu, Q.; He, J. (2023). A History of Un-fractured Chinese Civilization in Archaeological Interpretation. Springer Nature Singapore. ISBN 978-981-19-3946-4. Retrieved 2024-06-22.