A fly-whisk (or fly-swish)[1] is a tool that is used to swat flies. A similar device is used as a hand fan in hot tropical climates, sometimes as part of regalia, and is called a chowrie, chāmara, or prakirnaka in South Asia and Tibet.[2][3]
In Indonesian art, a fly-whisk is one of the items that is associated with Shiva. A fly-whisk is frequently seen as an attribute of Hindu, Jain, Daoist and Buddhist deities.[4][5] The fly-whisk is evident in some configurations of the Ashtamangala, employed in some traditions of murti puja, particularly Gaudiya Vaishnavism. It is also used as an accessory in the ritual aspects of folk performance traditions, especially folk-theater forms like Pala, where it can double as a prop.
Fly-whisks are in use in parts of the contemporary Middle East, such as Egypt, by some classes of society, e.g., outdoor merchants and shop keepers, especially in summer when flies become bothersome. Those have a wooden handle and plant fibers attached to them. The more expensive ones are made from horse hair. In the eastern parts of the Indian subcontinent, it is made from the tail-hairs of the yak. Yakut people from Siberia use fly-whisk called deybiir made of horse tail both for swating mosquitoes and as a sacred tool for shamanistic rituals.
Fly-whisks appear frequently in the traditional regales of monarchs and nobility in many parts of the African continent. Fly whisks, called "ìrùkẹ̀rẹ̀" in Yoruba, were used by Yoruba monarchs and chiefs as a symbol of power and respect.[6] This use has sometimes carried on into modern contexts: Kenyan leader Jomo Kenyatta carried a fly-whisk, a mark of authority in Maasai society,[7] as did Malawian leader Hastings Banda, while South African jazz musician Jabu Khanyile also used a Maasai fly-whisk as a trademark when on stage.[8] The fly-whisk is one of the traditional symbols of Taoist and Buddhist monastic hierarchy in China and Japan, along with the khakkhara, jewel scepter, and begging bowl. The fly-whisk in Buddhism represents the symbolic "sweeping" of ignorance and mental afflictions. The Daoist fly-whisk is made of the root and twine of the smilax for the handle, and the hairs are made of palm fiber. The Chinese fly-whisk is also used in many Chinese martial arts such as Shaolin Kung Fu and Wudang quan, each corresponding to their own respective religious philosophy.
A fly-whisk forms part of the royal regalia of Thailand. It consists of the tail hairs of a white elephant.[9] Fly-whisks were also used in Polynesian culture as a ceremonial mark of authority.[10]
Algeria incident
editIn 1827, the last Ottoman ruler of Algeria, Hussein Dey, struck the French consul,Pierre Deval in the face with a fly-whisk during a dispute over unpaid French debts to Algeria. That insult became a pretext for the French invasion of Algeria in 1830.[11]
Gallery
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Chamara (fly-whisk) as regalia in Hindu-Buddhist iconography. 8th century Borobudur bas-relief. -
Chamara used in Hindu puja (prayer rituals) -
Orange-colored chauri used to fan Sikh scripture in respect -
Polynesian chasse-mouches
See also
edit- Hossu: for Buddhist priests
- Flyswatter
- Feather duster
- Whisk
- Chamara yoga
References
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- ^ "fly, n.1", OED Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2020-04-08
- ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). Gautam, K. S. (ed.). India Through the Ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 81.
- ^ Robert Beer (2003). The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols. Serindia Publications. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-932476-03-3.;
चामर, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany - ^ Shiva and Parvati Archived 2007-09-12 at the Wayback Machine, Rijksmuseum, accessed 14 November 2006
- ^ Titze, Kurt (1998), Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence, ISBN 9788120815346
- ^ "Greeting the King | Oba Saheed Ademola Elegushi".
- ^ Dress codes and prestige staffs: constructing political authority with staffs in Tanzania Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Fadhili Mshana, Ijele: Art eJournal of the African World, 2002
- ^ Jabu Khanyile Archived 2005-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Contemporary African Music and Arts Archive, accessed 13 November 2006
- ^ Thai Royal Regalia Archived 2006-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Thailand Government Public Relations Department, accessed 15 November 2006
- ^ Fly Whisk Handle, Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed 14 November 2006
- ^ "History of Algeria". HistoryWorld. Archived from the original on 2005-09-02. Retrieved 2007-12-19.