Gelati (Georgian: გელათის მონასტერი) is a medieval monastic complex near Kutaisi in the Imereti region of western Georgia. One of the first monasteries in Georgia,[2] it was founded in 1106 by King David IV of Georgia as a monastic and educational center.
| Gelati Monastery | |
|---|---|
გელათის მონასტერი | |
 The monastic complex of Gelati | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Georgian Orthodox Church |
| Location | |
| Location | Kutaisi, Imereti, Georgia |
  Shown within Imereti  Gelati Monastery (Georgia) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 42°17′41″N 42°46′05″E / 42.29472°N 42.76806°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Monastery |
| Style | Georgian |
| Founder | David IV of Georgia ("David the Builder") |
| Completed | Church of the Virgin, 1106; Churches of St. George and St. Nicholas, 13th century |
| Official name: Gelati Monastery | |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iv |
| Designated | 1994 (18th session) |
| Reference no. | 710 |
| Region | Europe and North America[1] |
| Official name: Gelati Monastery | |
| Designated | November 7, 2006 |
| Reference no. | 875 |
| Item Number in Cultural Heritage Portal | 8550 |
| Date of entry in the registry | October 3, 2007 |
The monastery is an exemplar of the Georgian Golden Age and a gold aesthetic is employed in the paintings and buildings.[3] It was built to celebrate the Orthodox Christian faith in Georgia;[4] some murals found inside the Gelati Monastery church date back to the 12th century.[5] The monastery was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 because of its outstanding architecture and its importance as an educational and scientific center in medieval Georgia.[6]
Overview and description
editThe monastery is located on a hill several kilometers to the northeast of Kutaisi. It also overlooks the Tskaltsitela Gorge. It is constructed of solid stone, with full archways. The plan of the main monastery was designed in the shape of a cross, the symbol of Jesus's crucifixion and of Christianity.[7] The monastery was designed to be visible over much of the country, with its stone walls constructed to reflect sunlight. There are archways throughout the monastery, including the bell tower.
History
editConstruction began on the Gelati Monastery in 1106, under the direction of King David IV of Georgia, at which time Kutaisi was the capital of Georgia.[8] It was constructed during the reign of the Byzantine Empire; in this period Christianity was the ruling religion throughout the empire. The monastery's main church, known as Church of Virgin the Blessed, was completed in 1130 (under the reign of David IV's successor, Demetrius I of Georgia), and was dedicated to Virgin Mary. The Monastery also acts as the burial site for King David IV, near which the Ancient Gates of Ganja, which were taken by King Demetrius I in 1138, can be found. The smaller chapels within the monastery date to the 13th century.
In addition to its religious purpose, the monastery was also constructed to function as an academy of science and education in Georgia: King David IV employed many Georgian scientists, theologians, and philosophers, many of whom had previously been active at various Orthodox monasteries abroad, such as the Mangana Monastery in Constantinople.[8][9] Among its notable scholars were Ioane Petritsi, who translated several classics of philosophy but is best known for his commentaries on Proclus; and Arsen Ikaltoeli, known for his Dogmatikon, or book of teachings, influenced by Aristotle. The Gelati Academy employed scribes to compile manuscript copies of important works,[8] and people of the time called it "a new Hellas" and "a second Athos".[10]
Art
editTriptychs
editTriptychs were popular during the Byzantine Empire and important in Georgian culture.[11] The triptychs represented another form of contribution to the church. Triptychs were a form of iconography for the congregation.
One of the most valuable icons housed in the monastery was the Khakhuli triptych, which was enshrined in the Gelati Monastery from the 12th century until being stolen in 1859. Although returned in 1923, it was in a reduced condition.[12]
Mosaics
editThe interiors of the monastery hold mosaics in classic Byzantine style illustrating aspects of Christian belief. The largest, a 12th-century masterpiece depicting the Virgin Mary holding the baby Jesus, dominates the apse of the main church, and is an artwork of cultural importance in Georgia.[13] Above the altar is situated a statue of the Virgin Mary, looking down at the baby Jesus she is holding.
Conservation
editThe monastery is still active and its churches continue to be regularly used for religious service. Under the supervision of UNESCO the site is being continually restored and protected. All the original structures of the monastery are intact and functional.
The mosaics and murals were damaged prior to UNESCO conservation,[14] but halted when the roof of the academy building was replaced by Georgian conservators.[8] By presidential decree, the monastery was added to the National Register of Monuments for protection and restoration in 2006.
Burials
editGallery
edit-
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Mother of God, mosaic fresco -
Archangel Michael, mosaic fresco -
The Ascension, mural (16th century) -
David IV of Georgia, mural -
-
Gelati monastery, church of Virgin Mary the Blessed. Mural of Christ Pantokrator on ceiling of the central dome (12th century) -
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Gelati monastery, Church of Virgin the Blessed. Mural on north wall. From left to right: Queen Rusudan, Prince Bagrat, King George II, Queen Helen, King Bagrat III of Imereti, Catholicos Yevdemon Chetidze, David the Builder -
Gelati monastery. Church of Virgin the Blessed. Mural. -
Shrine in the monastery church -
Gelati Monastery -
Gelati Monastery -
Gelati Monastery -
Gelati Monastery -
Gelati Monastery -
Gelati Monastery -
St. George church -
St. Nicholas church -
Belfry -
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin -
Portal in the cathedral -
Frescoes in the cathedral -
Frescoes in the cathedral -
Gelati Monastery
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Europe and North America, UNESCO, 2021
- ^ Kaufhold, Hubert (2011). "Gelati Monastery". Religion Past and Present. doi:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_08287.
- ^ Centre, U.W.H. (n.d.). Gelati Monastery, Georgia, removed from UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger. [online] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1692
- ^ Calma, Dragos (2020). Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes, Volume 2. Dublin: University College Dublin.
- ^ "World Heritage Site". 1997–2020.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Gelati Monastery". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ McClymond, Michael (2015). "Christianity". Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. 1: 119–168.
- ^ a b c d "Gelati Monastery". UNESCO. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ Reinis Fischer. (2015). Gelati Monastery in Georgia. [online] Available at: https://www.reinisfischer.com/gelati-monastery-georgia
- ^ Chatzidakis, Nano. Byzantine Mosaics, Volume 7. Athens, Greece: Ekdotike Athenon, 1994, p.22
- ^ Dzhindzhikhashvili, Zoia (1996). Encyclopedia of World Cultures, vol. 6: Russia and Eurasia/China. NY: Macmillan Reference USA.
- ^ Eastmond, Antony (2001), Eastern approaches to Byzantium: papers from the Thirty-third Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, March 1999, pp. 216-217. Ashgate/Variorum, ISBN 0-7546-0322-9, ISBN 978-0-7546-0322-1
- ^ Most, W.G (2003). "Canon, Biblical". New Catholic Encyclopedia. 3: 20–34.
- ^ Riggs, Thomas (2015). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. 2nd ed., vol. 2: Countries, Afghanistan to Ghana. Farmington Hills: Gale.
- Attribution
- Adapted from the Wikinfo article Gelati Monastery by Levan Urushadze, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Further reading
edit- Chichinadze, Nina. "Some Compositional Characteristics of Georgian Triptychs of the Thirteenth Through Fifteenth Centuries". Gesta, vol. 35, no. 1, 1996, pp. 66–76. doi:10.2307/767227. JSTOR 767227.
- Derlemenko I︠E︡vhen Anatoliĭovych, and Gigilashvili Ėduard. Gelati : Arkhitektura, Mozaika, Freski (Fotoalʹbom]=Gelati : Architecture, Mosaic, Frescoes. Tbilisi, Khelovneba, 1982.
- Hubert Kaufhold, Brill. Georgian Monasteries.
- Mepʻisašvili, R. Gelati. "Sabčotʻa Sakʻartʻvelo", 1965.
External links
edit
- Gelati Monastery—UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Byzantine Art at Le site sur l'Art Roman en Bourgogne