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Goethe's Faust

This article is about the 19th-century work by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation).

Faust is a tragic play in two parts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, usually known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two. Nearly all of Part One and the majority of Part Two are written in rhymed verse. Although rarely staged in its entirety, it is the play with the largest audience numbers on German-language stages. Faust is considered by many to be Goethe's magnum opus and the greatest work of German literature.[1]

Sculpture of Mephistopheles bewitching the students in the scene "Auerbachs Keller" from Faust, at the entrance of what is today the restaurant Auerbachs Keller in Leipzig
Anton Kaulbach: Faust and Mephisto

The earliest forms of the work, known as the Urfaust, were developed between 1772 and 1775; however, the details of that development are not entirely clear. Urfaust has twenty-two scenes, one in prose, two largely prose and the remaining 1,441 lines in rhymed verse. The manuscript is lost, but a copy was discovered in 1886.[2]

The first appearance of the work in print was Faust, a Fragment, published in 1790. Goethe completed a preliminary version of what is now known as Part One in 1806. Its publication in 1808 was followed by the revised 1828–29 edition, the last to be edited by Goethe himself.

Goethe finished writing Faust, Part Two in 1831; it was published posthumously the following year. In contrast to Faust, Part One, the focus here is no longer on the soul of Faust, which has been sold to the devil, but rather on social phenomena such as psychology, history and politics, in addition to mystical and philosophical topics. The second part formed the principal occupation of Goethe's last years.

Nomenclature

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The original 1808 German title page of Goethe's play read simply: "Faust. / Eine Tragödie" ("Faust. / A Tragedy"). The addition of "erster Teil" (in English, "Part One") was retroactively applied by publishers when the sequel was published in 1832 with a title page which read: "Faust. / Der Tragödie zweiter Teil" ("Faust. / The Tragedy's Second Part").

The two plays have been published in English under a number of titles, and are usually referred to as Faust, Parts One and Two.

Faust, Part One

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Faust I, first edition, 1808
Main article: Faust, Part One

The principal characters of Faust Part One include:

  • Heinrich Faust (see also Faust), a scholar, sometimes said to be based on Johann Georg Faust, or on Jacob Bidermann's dramatized account of the Legend of the Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus
  • Mephistopheles, the Devil
  • Gretchen, Faust's love (short for Margarete; Goethe uses both forms)
  • Marthe Schwerdtlein, Gretchen's neighbour
  • Valentin, Gretchen's brother
  • Wagner, Faust's attendant

Faust, Part One takes place in multiple settings, the first of which is Heaven. Mephistopheles (Satan) makes a bet with God: he says that he can lure God's favourite human (Faust), who is striving to learn everything that can be known, away from righteous pursuits. The next scene takes place in Faust's study where the aging scholar, struggling with what he considers the vanity and uselessness of scientific, humanistic, and religious learning, turns to magic for the showering of infinite knowledge. He suspects, however, that his attempts are failing. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, but rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby Easter celebrations begin. He goes for a walk with his assistant Wagner and is followed home by a stray poodle.

In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles, dressed as a travelling student who refuses to give his name. He reveals to Faust that although the misshapen pentagram carved into Faust's doorway has allowed him to enter, he cannot leave. Faust is surprised that Mephistopheles is bound by mystical laws, and from this reasons that he could make a pact. Mephistopheles says that he is willing to make a deal but wishes to leave for the night. Faust refuses to release him because he believes it would be impossible for him to catch Mephistopheles again. Mephistopheles then tricks him into permitting a demonstration of his power; Faust falls asleep listening to the song of the spirits, allowing Mephistopheles to escape by calling upon rats to chew away the pentagram.

The next morning Mephistopheles returns. He tells Faust that he wishes to serve him in life, and in return Faust must serve him in the afterlife. Faust is willing to accept but is concerned that accepting the services of Mephistopheles will bring him to ruin. To avoid this fate, Faust makes a wager: if Mephistopheles can grant Faust an experience of transcendence on Earth—a moment so blissful that he wishes to remain in it forever, ceasing to strive further—then he will instantly die and serve the Devil in Hell. Mephistopheles accepts the wager.

When Mephistopheles tells Faust to sign the pact with blood, Faust complains that Mephistopheles does not trust Faust's word of honour. In the end, Mephistopheles wins the argument and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He is attracted to her and with jewellery and with help from a neighbour, Marthe, Mephistopheles draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. With Mephistopheles' aid, Faust seduces Gretchen. Gretchen's mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen to obtain privacy so that Faust could visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead at the hands of Faust and Mephistopheles. Gretchen drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to save Gretchen from death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that she refuses to escape, Faust and Mephistopheles flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved – "Sie ist gerettet" – this differs from the harsher ending of Urfaust – "Sie ist gerichtet!" – "she is condemned."

Faust, Part Two

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Faust II, first edition, 1832
 
Cover of the first edition of Faust Part Two, 1832
 
1876 Faust, large edition (51×38cm)
Main article: Faust, Part Two

Rich in classical allusion, in Part Two the romantic story of the first Faust is put aside, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies to initiate a new cycle of adventures and purpose. The piece consists of five acts (relatively isolated episodes) each representing a different theme. Ultimately, Faust goes to Heaven. He had lost his wager with Mephistopheles, that he would never seek to remain in a transcendental moment and have it prolonged forever. However, God had won his wager from the Prologue (and thus Faust's soul) as the transcendental moment was derived from his righteous pursuits. Angels, who arrive as messengers of divine mercy, declare at the end of Act V: "He who strives on and lives to strive / Can earn redemption still" (V, 11936–7).

Relationship between the parts

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Throughout Part One, Faust remains unsatisfied; the ultimate conclusion of the tragedy and the outcome of the wagers are only revealed in Faust, Part Two. The first part represents the "small world" and takes place in Faust's own local, temporal milieu. In contrast, Part Two takes place in the "wide world" or macrocosmos.

Translations

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In 1821, a partial English verse translation of Faust (Part One) was published anonymously by the London publisher Thomas Boosey and Sons, with illustrations by the German engraver Moritz Retzsch. This translation was attributed to the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge by Frederick Burwick and James C. McKusick in their 2007 Oxford University Press edition, Faustus: From the German of Goethe, Translated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.[3] In a letter dated 4 September 1820, Goethe wrote to his son August that Coleridge was translating Faust.[4] However, this attribution is controversial: Roger Paulin, William St. Clair, and Elinor Shaffer provide a lengthy rebuttal to Burwick and McKusick, offering evidence including Coleridge's repeated denials that he had ever translated Faustus and arguing that Goethe's letter to his son was based on misinformation from a third party.[5]

Coleridge's fellow Romantic Percy Bysshe Shelley produced admired[6] fragments of a translation first publishing Part One Scene II in The Liberal magazine in 1822, with "Scene I" (in the original, the "Prologue in Heaven") being published in the first edition of his Posthumous Poems by Mary Shelley in 1824.[7]

  • In 1828, at the age of twenty, Gérard de Nerval published a French translation of Goethe's Faust.
  • In 1850, Anna Swanwick released an English translation of Part One. In 1878, she published a translation of Part Two. Her translation is considered among the best.[8]
  • In 1870–71, Bayard Taylor published an English translation in the original metres. This translation, which he is best known for, is considered one of the finest and consistently remained in print for a century.[9]
  • Calvin Thomas: Part One (1892) and Part Two (1897) for D. C. Heath.
  • Alice Raphael: Part One (1930) for Jonathan Cape.[10]
  • Mori Ōgai: 1913 both parts into Japanese.
  • Guo Moruo: Part One (1928) and Part Two (1947) into Chinese.[11]
  • Philosopher Walter Kaufmann was also known for an English translation of Faust, presenting Part One in its entirety, with selections from Part Two, and omitted scenes extensively summarized. Kaufmann's version preserves Goethe's metres and rhyme schemes, but objected to translating all of Part Two into English, believing that "To let Goethe speak English is one thing; to transpose into English his attempt to imitate Greek poetry in German is another."[6]
  • Phillip Wayne: Part One (1949) and Part Two (1959) for Penguin Books.[12]
  • Louis MacNeice: In 1949, the BBC commissioned an abridged translation for radio. It was published in 1952.

In August 1950, Boris Pasternak's Russian translation of the first part led him to be attacked in the Soviet literary journal Novy Mir. The attack read in part,

... the translator clearly distorts Goethe's ideas... in order to defend the reactionary theory of 'pure art' ... he introduces an aesthetic and individualist flavor into the text... attributes a reactionary idea to Goethe... distorts the social and philosophical meaning...[13]

In response, Pasternak wrote to Ariadna Èfron, the exiled daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva:

There was some alarm when my Faust was torn to pieces in Novy mir on the basis that supposedly the gods, angels, witches, spirits, the madness of poor Gretchen and everything 'irrational' was rendered too well, whereas Goethe's progressive ideas (which ones?) were left in the shade and unattended.[14]

Historic productions

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Part One

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Part Two

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  • 1990: Fragments from Part Two. Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda
  • 2003 of Ingmar Thilo; with Antonios Safralis (Faust), Raphaela Zick (Mephisto), Ulrike Dostal (Helena), Max Friedmann (Lynceus), and others
  • 2005 Michael Thalheimer at the Deutsches Theater, Berlin, with a.o. Ingo Hülsmann, Sven Lehmann, Nina Hoss and Inge Keller

Entire piece

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  • 1938: World premiere of both parts, unabridged, at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland
  • July 22–23, 2000: The Expo 2000 Hanover performance: Directed by Peter Stein; both parts in their complete version, with Christian Nickel and Bruno Ganz (the young and the old Faust), Johann Adam Oest (Mephistopheles), Dorothée Hartinger, Corinna Kirchhoff and Elke Petri. Complete playing length (with intervals): 21 hours

In music and film

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Portor, Laura Spencer (1917). The Greatest Books in the World: Interpretative Studies. Chautauqua, New York: Chautauqua Press. p. 82.
  2. ^ Goethe's Plays, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, translated into English with Introductions by Charles E. Passage, Publisher Benn Limited 1980 ISBN 0510000878, ISBN 978-0510000875
  3. ^ Faustus: From the German of Goethe. UK: Oxford University Press. 4 October 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-922968-0..
  4. ^ Grovier, Kelly (February 13, 2008). "Coleridge and Goethe together at last". The Times. London. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008.
  5. ^ Roger, Paulin; et al. (2008), A Gentleman of Literary Eminence (PDF).
  6. ^ a b Kaufmann, Walter (1963). "Introduction". Goethe's Faust : part one and sections from part two (Anchor books ed.). Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday. p. 47. ISBN 0-385-03114-9.
  7. ^ Thomas Hutchinson, ed. (1970). Poetical works [of] Shelley (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 748–762. ISBN 0-19-281069-3.
  8. ^ Lee, Elizabeth (1901). "Swanwick, Anna" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  9. ^ Rennick, Andrew. "Bayard Taylor" in Writers of the American Renaissance: An A to Z Guide. Denise D. Knight, editor. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003: 354. ISBN 0-313-32140-X
  10. ^ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1930). Faust. A Tragedy ... Translated by Alice Raphael. With ... Woodcuts by Lynd Ward. (Second Printing.). Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith.
  11. ^ coaccess. doi:10.2307/j.ctvrs9065.7. S2CID 240301584. Retrieved 2020-12-02. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Montano, Rocco (1986-03-01). "Hamlet, Don Quixote and Faust". Neohelicon. 13 (1): 229–245. doi:10.1007/BF02118124. ISSN 1588-2810. S2CID 144618932.
  13. ^ Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak, 1978. pp. 78–79.
  14. ^ Barnes, Christopher; Barnes, Christopher J.; Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (2004-02-12). Boris Pasternak: A Literary Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-521-52073-7.
  15. ^ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1962). Faust, First Part. Bantam.
  16. ^ Williams, John R. (2020-01-30). Goethe's Faust. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-76114-6.
  17. ^ "Faust". Yale University Press. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  18. ^ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (2018-06-12). The Essential Goethe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18104-2.
  19. ^ Hewitt, Ben (2017-07-05). Byron, Shelley and Goethe's Faust: An Epic Connection. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-57283-5.
  20. ^ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang van (2020-11-19). Faust, Part One: A New Translation with Illustrations. Deep Vellum Publishing. ISBN 978-1-64605-023-9.
  21. ^ Otto Erich Deutsch, with revisions by Werner Aderhold and others. Franz Schubert, Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge, p. 84 (Neue Schubert-Ausgabe Series VIII Supplement, Volume 4). Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1978. ISBN 9783761805718
  22. ^ Malone, Paul M. Faust as Rock Opera in Icons of Modern Culture Series (2004)
  23. ^ Maierhofer, Waltraut Devilishly good: Rudolf Volz's Rock Opera Faust and Event Culture in Music in Goethe's Faust, Goethe's Faust in Music (2017)
  24. ^ Feay, Suzi (2019-11-29). "The Last Faust: Steven Berkoff stars in Philipp Humm's take on Goethe". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
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