Great Bear Lake (Slave: Sahtú; French: Grand lac de l'Ours) is a lake in the boreal forest of Canada. It is the largest lake entirely in Canada (Lake Superior and Lake Huron are larger but straddle the Canada–US border), the fourth-largest in North America, and the eighth-largest in the world.[4] The lake is in the Northwest Territories, on the Arctic Circle between 65 and 67 degrees of northern latitude and between 118 and 123 degrees western longitude, 156 m (512 ft) above sea level.
| Great Bear Lake | |
|---|---|
 Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories | |
  Great Bear Lake | |
| Location | Northwest Territories |
| Coordinates | 65°50′01″N 120°45′06″W / 65.83361°N 120.75167°W[1] |
| Lake type | Glacial |
| Primary outflows | Great Bear River |
| Catchment area | 114,717 km2 (44,292 sq mi)[2][3] |
| Basin countries | Canada |
| Surface area | 31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi)[2][3] |
| Average depth | 71.7 m (235 ft)[2][3] |
| Max. depth | 446 m (1,463 ft)[2][3] |
| Water volume | 2,234 km3 (536 cu mi)[2][3] |
| Residence time | 124 years[2] |
| Shore length1 | 2,719 km (1,690 mi) (plus 824 km (512 mi) island shoreline)[2][3] |
| Surface elevation | 156 m (512 ft) |
| Frozen | November - July[3] |
| Islands | 26 main islands, totalling 759.3 km2 (293.2 sq mi) in area[2] |
| Settlements | Délı̨nę |
| References | [2][3] |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
The name originated from the Chipewyan word satudene, meaning "grizzly bear-water people". The Sahtu, a Dene people, are named after the lake. Grizzly Bear Mountain, or Sahoyue, on the shore of the lake also comes from Chipewyan, meaning "bear-large hill".[5][6]
Sahoyue (Grizzly Bear Mountain), a peninsula on the south side of the lake, and Edacho (Scented Grass Hills), another peninsula on the west side, form the Saoyú-ʔehdacho National Historic Site of Canada.[7][8]
Geography
edit
The lake has a surface area of 31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi) and a volume of 2,234 km3 (536 cu mi). Its maximum depth is 446 m (1,463 ft) and average depth 71.7 m (235 ft). The shoreline is 2,719 km (1,690 mi) and the catchment area of the lake is 114,717 km2 (44,292 sq mi).[9] Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July.[3]
The lake is known for its considerable clarity. Explorer John Franklin wrote in 1828 that a white rag placed in the water did not disappear until it exceeded a depth of 15 fathoms (90 ft; 27 m).[10]
Arms
editArms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm (northwest), the Dease Arm (northeast), the McTavish Arm (southeast), the McVicar Arm (south) and the Keith Arm (southwest). The community of Délı̨nę is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the Great Bear River that flows west into the Mackenzie River at Tulita.[11]
Tributaries
editRivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the Whitefish River,[12] Big Spruce River,[13] Haldane River,[14] Bloody River,[15] Sloan River,[16] Dease River[17] and the Johnny Hoe River.[18]
Geology and geomorphology
editGreat Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions: the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. It was part of glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by erosional ice during the Pleistocene. Since, the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting. Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes and sills.[19]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Délı̨nę (Déline Airport) Climate ID: 214274; coordinates 65°12′40″N 123°26′10″W / 65.21111°N 123.43611°W; elevation: 214.0 m (702.1 ft); 1981–2010 normals. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 2.8 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 16.6 | 22.8 | 29.8 | 33.5 | 31.8 | 22.9 | 20.5 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 33.5 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.5 (72.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −20.9 (−5.6) |
−18.5 (−1.3) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
2.5 (36.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −28.9 (−20.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.1 (−56.4) |
−43.3 (−45.9) |
−43.3 (−45.9) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−23.3 (−9.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−29.7 (−21.5) |
−37.4 (−35.3) |
−43.0 (−45.4) |
−49.1 (−56.4) |
| Record low wind chill | −57.2 | −54.0 | −55.3 | −40.4 | −27.6 | −6.4 | 0.0 | −3.6 | −16.3 | −34.4 | −46.7 | −54.7 | −57.2 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10.3 (0.41) |
11.2 (0.44) |
10.3 (0.41) |
10.1 (0.40) |
14.8 (0.58) |
24.3 (0.96) |
40.3 (1.59) |
43.2 (1.70) |
39.5 (1.56) |
31.1 (1.22) |
21.7 (0.85) |
11.9 (0.47) |
268.7 (10.58) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
12.2 (0.48) |
24.2 (0.95) |
40.3 (1.59) |
43.2 (1.70) |
37.1 (1.46) |
4.9 (0.19) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
162.3 (6.39) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 13.0 (5.1) |
16.9 (6.7) |
17.1 (6.7) |
12.3 (4.8) |
3.4 (1.3) |
0.2 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.4 (0.9) |
32.2 (12.7) |
35.2 (13.9) |
17.3 (6.8) |
150.0 (59.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.4 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 3.9 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 10.1 | 7.2 | 102.4 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 49.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 6.7 | 7.5 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 10.5 | 11.4 | 8.9 | 61.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74.9 | 76.1 | 76.7 | 75.0 | 63.0 | 54.5 | 58.2 | 62.1 | 65.7 | 82.6 | 82.5 | 76.1 | 70.6 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[20][21] | |||||||||||||
Human use
editThe community of Délı̨nę is on the lake, near the headwaters of the Bear River.[22] There is an ice crossing from Délı̨nę to the winter road on the far side of the Great Bear River.[23][24]
On 5 March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the allowed maximum weight limit to 40,000 kg (88,000 lb) on the road.[25] The truck, which was 3 km (1.9 mi) outside of Délı̨nę and close to the community's fresh water intake, as well as a major fishing area, contained approximately 30,000 L (6,600 imp gal; 7,900 US gal) of heating fuel and was one of 70 truck loads intended to resupply the community.[26] The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am, 8 March.[27]
Three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting.[3] In 1995, a 32.65 kg (72.0 lb) lake trout was caught, the largest ever caught anywhere by angling.[28]
Mining
editIn 1930, Gilbert LaBine discovered uranium deposits in the Great Bear Lake region. The former mining area Port Radium, site of the Eldorado Mine, where pitchblende was discovered, was located on the eastern shore. Echo Bay Mines Limited leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981.[29]
Cultural significance
editThe Prophecy
editGreat Bear Lake is paramount in the Délı̨nę peoples' identity, laws and culture. Hence, conserving it is critical for the Délı̨nę people. ɂehtsǝ́o Erǝ́ya, a Dene Elder, is widely regarded as a prophet, making over 30 prophecies which have been interpreted as having come true.[30] His prediction for the end of times claims that, as the world dries up, the little remaining life will flock to, and end on the banks of the Great Bear Lake, a lake seen as a physical beating heart to humanity.[31] The Délı̨nę people have followed these prophecies closely, the cultural considerations being a driving force for self-governance and environmental sustainability.[32]
Gallery
edit
-
Ruins of Fort Confidence at the mouth of the Dease River in 1911 -
The community of Délı̨nę on Great Bear Lake -
Grizzly Bear Mountain, Great Bear Lake -
Smoke from forest fires in Alaska blows over Great Bear Lake -
Great Bear Lake. Note the smoke plumes from wildfires
References
edit- ^ "Great Bear Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Johnson, L. (1975). "Physical and chemical characteristics of Great Bear Lake". J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32 (11): 1971–1987. doi:10.1139/f75-234. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. (World Lakes Database)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hebert, Paul (2007), "Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories", Encyclopedia of Earth, Washington, DC: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, retrieved 7 December 2007
- ^ "World's largest lakes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Johnson, L. The Great Bear Lake: Its Place in History Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Calgary, Alberta: Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) database at the University of Calgary. pp. 236-237. Retrieved on: 30 January 2012.
- ^ "Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Grizzly Bear Mountain)". Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ "Saoyú-ʔehdacho National Historic Site of Canada". Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ "Northwest Territories Protected Areas Strategy (Saoyú-ʔehdacho)". Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ "Great Bear Lake". World Lakes Database. International Lake Environment Committee. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Franklin, John (1828). Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea. Carey, Lea, and Carey. p. 264.
- ^ "The Atlas of Canada - Toporama". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ "Whitefish River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Big Spruce River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Haldane River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Bloody River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Sloan River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Dease River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Johnny Hoe River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ Lionel Johnson. "Great Bear Lake" (PDF). Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Freshwater Institute. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ "Déline A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 25 September 2013. Climate ID: 214274. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for July 2023". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "Deline - "Where the Water Flows"". Spectacular Northwest Territories. Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ "Impassable ice roads delay holiday travel". CBC News: North. CBC. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "Open and Close Dates for the NWT's Community Access Roads". Transportation. Government of the Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Windeyer, Chris (5 March 2016). "Fuel tanker plunges through Deline, N.W.T., ice road". CBC News.
- ^ Quenneville, Guy (7 March 2016). "N.W.T. hopes to remove fuel from tanker stuck in ice near Deline quickly". CBC News.
- ^ Quenneville, Guy (8 March 2016). "Fuel load successfully drained from tanker stuck in ice near Deline, N.W.T." CBC News.
- ^ "International Game Fish Association - Trout, lake (Salvelinus namaycush)". Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Schiller, E A. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 65-11. Natural Resources Canada. pp. 42–. GGKEY:CR5H58XXBJZ.
- ^ Wohlberg, M. (22 January 2016). "Prophet Ayah: Nostradamus of the North". Edge North. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Sakardi, L. (26 December 2017). Inside the fight to protect the Arctic’s “Water Heart”. Retrieved from Canadian Geographic
- ^ inchey, G., & Kyle, K. (31 August 2016). Deline set to launch historic self-government, 20 years in the making Retrieved from CBC News
External links
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